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In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore new insights into the origins of Earth's water, groundbreaking discoveries beneath the surface of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and how tectonic plate movements may have influenced Earth's climate throughout history. New Clues on Earth's Water Origins A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals that asteroid and comet impacts could only account for a small fraction of Earth's water supply. By analyzing oxygen isotopes in lunar regolith collected during the Apollo missions, researchers found that the early Earth likely retained little to no water during its formative years. This challenges long-held beliefs and suggests that the majority of Earth's water must have originated from other sources, rather than being delivered by celestial bodies. Unprecedented Volcanic Activity on Io NASA's Juno spacecraft has captured remarkable data on Io, the most volcanically active body in our solar system. Observations from a December flyby revealed the most energetic eruption ever detected on Io, affecting a vast area of 65,000 square kilometers. The findings indicate that interconnected magma reservoirs beneath Io's surface are responsible for this extraordinary volcanic activity, providing new insights into the moon's geological dynamics and evolution. Tectonic Plates and Earth's Climate A new study suggests that carbon released from shifting tectonic plates may have played a significant role in Earth's climatic transitions, rather than volcanic activity as previously thought. Researchers reconstructed carbon movements over the last 540 million years, providing evidence that carbon emissions from mid-ocean ridges were the primary drivers of climate shifts between ice ages and warmer periods. This research reshapes our understanding of past climate dynamics and offers valuable insights for future climate models. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Journal of Geophysical Research Planets Communications Earth and Environment Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

SpaceTime S29E14 S29E15 S29E16 w/c February 2, 2026 Space, Astronomy and Science Podcast. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 14 *New clues about where Earth’s water came from A new study claims an analysis of the Lunar surface sets a hard limit on the amount of water that arrived on Earth through asteroid and comet impacts. *Fresh data about what lies beneath the surface of the volcanic world of Io NASA’s Juno spacecraft has observed an unprecedented volcanic event on the Jovian moon Io. *How shifting tectonic plates might have driven Earth’s climate swings A new study claims carbon released from Earth’s spreading tectonic plates may have triggered major transitions between the planet’s ancient ice ages and warm climates rather than volcanic activity as previously thought. *The Science Report Study claims climate change made the intense January heat waves in Australia five times more likely. Doctors successfully keep a patient alive for 48 hours without lungs. Scientists detect traces of Chinese radioactive nuclear waste in the West Philippine Sea. Skeptics guide to a possible cause for Pareidolia. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 15 *Streaks on Mercury show it’s not a dead world A new study has discovered a large number of bright streaks, known as "lineae", on the surface of the planer Mercury – the nearest rock to the Sun. *How NASA's Dragonfly rotorcraft mission to Titan will fly NASA is developing a car-sized rotorcraft called Dragonfly to explore Saturn's moon Titan. *Space fuel pollution Studies are showing that burning rocket fuel such as kerosene damages the ozone layer, and the burgeoning space industry could make it a lot worse in future. *The Science Report The growing threat of cyber-attacks by nations like China and Iran. The new prostate cancer treatment without as many side effects. New study shows T-Rex took longer to grow than previously thought. Alex on Tech: Apple loses credibility after banning number 1 hit song. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 16 *Juno measures the thickness of Europa’s ice shell Astronomers have received their first clues into the thickness of the frozen ice sheets that cover the Jovian moon Europa. *A new case for a possible Planet Nine There’s new hope in the ongoing search for a ninth planet in the dark outer reaches of our solar system somewhere beyond Neptune. *Side stepping the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Physicists have reshaped quantum uncertainty to sidestep the restriction imposed by the famous Heisenberg uncertainty principle. *The Science Report People who consume alcohol for longer are more likely to develop bowel cancer. The growing problem of microplastics in fish. How the humble spud spread across the Americas. Skeptics guide to finding bigfoot. https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/ This week’s guests include: Dr Ben Mather from the University of Melbourne Lead Rotor Engineer Felipe Ruiz from Johns Hopkins APL Wind Tunnel Test Lead Rick Heisler from Johns Hopkins APL Experimental Machinist Cory Pennington from Johns Hopkins APL Aeroelasticity Assistant Branch Chief Dave Piatak at NASA Langley And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌

Sponsor Link: This episode is brought to you with thanks to Squarespace. Bring your stories to life with Squarespace, the easiest way to create an exceptional website, blog, portfolio, or online store. To take up our great offer and help support the show, just visit www.squarespace.com/spacetime or use the Promo Code SPACETIME at checkout. SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 13 In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the hidden violent past of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, delve into the origins of water on Jupiter's Galilean moons, and explore how meteor impacts are triggering dust avalanches on Mars. The Violent History of Sagittarius A For years, Sagittarius A, the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy, has been perceived as a quiet entity. However, new research published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters indicates that it may have experienced dramatic flares in the past. Observations from the CRISM Space Telescope reveal X-ray emissions from a gas cloud near Sagittarius A, suggesting a history of explosive activity that alters our understanding of supermassive black hole evolution and the history of our galaxy. Water Origins of Jupiter's Galilean Moons A groundbreaking study has determined that the contrasting water content of Jupiter's four large Galilean moons was established during their formation rather than evolving later. This research sheds light on the stark differences between Io, which is dry and volcanically active, and Europa, believed to have a subsurface ocean. The findings suggest that the primordial environment around Jupiter played a crucial role in shaping these moons' compositions. Meteor Impacts Trigger Dust Avalanches on Mars New evidence indicates that meteor impacts on Mars are causing dust avalanches, creating dark streaks on the planet's surface. An analysis of images from the European Space Agency's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter reveals that these avalanches occur primarily due to dry processes, driven by seasonal dust and wind activity, rather than water-related phenomena. This discovery enhances our understanding of Martian surface dynamics and the impact of meteor activity. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astrophysical Journal Letters Nature Communications Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support. (00:00:00) Sagittarius A's hidden violent past revealed (00:12:45) Origins of water on Jupiter's Galilean moons (00:25:30) Meteor impacts causing dust avalanches on Mars (00:35:00) February night sky highlights and celestial events. (00:00:00) This is space time series 29, episode 13 for broadcast on 30 January 2026 (00:00:47) X ray emissions from the Crism Space Telescope suggest Sagittarius A flared (00:07:59) A new study claims dust avalanches caused by meteor impacts are creating Martian streaks (00:10:22) February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars (00:12:03) February's Orion meteor showers usually peak around February 8th (00:22:18) Blue supergiant Rigel is the second brightest star in the constellation Orion (00:31:08) Rygel: Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky (00:35:09) February is a great time to look for bright stars in the night sky (00:38:04) The night sky is sparse with the old planets at the moment

Sponsor Link: This episode is brought to you with thanks to Squarespace. Bring your stories to life with Squarespace, the easiest way to create an exceptional website, blog, portfolio, or online store. To take up our great offer and help support the show, just visit www.squarespace.com/spacetime or use the Promo Code SPACETIME at checkout. SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 12 In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking discoveries about Earth's mantle, the watery past of Mars, and the rapid growth of galaxies through cool gas filaments. Distinct Histories of Earth’s Mantle Provinces Recent research reveals that the two massive continent-sized regions deep within the Earth's mantle have unique chemical compositions and histories. This study challenges long-held assumptions and uses seismic wave data to illustrate how these large low velocity provinces differ in density and material, impacting the planet's heat extraction from the core and potentially affecting the stability of Earth's magnetic field. Confirmation of Mars as a Blue Planet New evidence from ancient Martian river deltas suggests that Mars was once covered by a vast ocean. High-resolution images reveal delta-like structures, indicating that water once flowed into an ocean approximately 3 billion years ago. This discovery supports the notion of a once habitable environment on Mars, offering insights into its geological history and the potential for life. Galaxies Growing Through Cool Gas Filaments A fascinating new study has demonstrated how galaxies can rapidly grow by drawing in filaments of cool gas. Observations from the Keck Telescope's Cosmic Webb Imager provide direct evidence of these gas streams spiraling into galaxies, fueling star formation at unprecedented rates. This research offers significant insights into the processes of galaxy formation and the role of the cosmic web in shaping the universe. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Scientific Reports MPJ Space Exploration Nature Astronomy Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support. (00:00:00) Distinct histories of Earth's mantle provinces (00:12:15) Mars confirmed as a blue planet with ancient ocean (00:25:30) Galaxies grow rapidly through cool gas filaments (00:35:00) Discovery of the oldest known rock art in the world.

Sponsor Link: This episode is brought to you with thanks to Squarespace. Bring your stories to life with Squarespace, the easiest way to create an exceptional website, blog, portfolio, or online store. To take up our great offer and help support the show, just visit www.squarespace.com/spacetime or use the Promo Code SPACETIME at checkout. SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 11 In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the latest astronomical events, including a record-setting solar storm impacting Earth, the historic Artemis 2 mission preparing to return astronauts to the Moon, and groundbreaking evidence confirming an ancient asteroid impact in the North Sea. Record-Breaking Solar Storm Strikes Earth Planet Earth has recently experienced a massive geomagnetic storm triggered by an X1.9 class solar flare, followed by a coronal mass ejection. This event produced stunning auroras, visible as far north as Sydney and Brisbane. We discuss how such solar storms can affect technology on Earth and in space, including potential disruptions to communications and navigation systems, as well as the impact on satellites in low Earth orbit. Artemis 2: A Historic Return to the Moon NASA's Artemis 2 mission is gearing up to send astronauts back to the Moon for the first time in over 50 years. The crew will embark on a 10-day journey, orbiting the Moon and traveling further than any humans have before. We explore the mission's objectives, including testing spacecraft systems, practicing docking procedures, and conducting deep space science experiments, all while preparing for future lunar landings. Proof of an Ancient Asteroid Impact A decades-long debate over the origins of the Silverpit Crater in the North Sea has been resolved with new evidence confirming it was formed by an asteroid impact 43 to 46 million years ago. Utilizing seismic imaging and microscopic analysis, researchers have established this crater as a significant impact site, shedding light on the history of asteroid collisions on Earth and their implications for our planet's geological evolution. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Nature Communications NASA Reports Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support. (00:00:00) Record solar storm strikes Earth (00:12:30) Artemis 2 mission prepares to send astronauts back to the Moon (00:25:00) Evidence confirms asteroid impact in the North Sea (00:35:15) New insights into Earth's climate from ancient geological events.

SpaceTime S29E11 S29E12 S29E13 w/c January 26th, 2026 Space, Astronomy and Science Podcast. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 11 *Earth hit by record setting solar storm Planet Earth’s just been hit by another massive geomagnetic solar storm. The event was triggered by a powerful X-1.9 class solar flare and coronal mass ejection which pummelled the planet generating spectacular auroral activity. *Artemis II ready to send astronauts back to the Moon NASA’s giant Artemis II Moon rocket has been rolled out onto the launch pad for next months planned mission to send four astronauts back to the Moon for the first time in over half a century. *Proof that an asteroid hit the North Sea over 43 million years ago A decades-long scientific debate over the origins of the Silverpit Crater in the southern North Sea has finally been resolved with new evidence confirming that it was caused by an asteroid or comet impact between 43 and 46 million years ago. *The Science Report No evidence of a link between paracetamol and autism. World Meteorological Organization confirms that 2025 was one of the three warmest years on record. The collision between Central and South America occurred far earlier than previously thought. Skeptics guide to living with ghosts in your house. SpaceTime 20260128 Series 29 Episode 12 *Continents deep in the Earth’s mantle Scientists studying the evolution of two massive continent-size regions in Earth’s deep mantle have discovered that they each have their own distinctive histories and chemical composition. *Confirmation that Mars was once a blue planet A new orbital study examining ancient Martian river deltas suggest the red planet was once a blue planet with a vast ocean. *How galaxies can grow quickly A new study has discovered how galaxies can grow by sucking in filaments of cool gas to feed growing stars. *The Science Report Discovery of the oldest known rock art in the world dating back some 67 thousand years. How the ancient Tethys sea might have shaped Central Asia’s topography. A cow showing for the first time that cattle are capable of versatile tool use. Alex on Tech Siri getting a major make over. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 13 *The Milky Way’s supermassive black hole hiding a violent past The Milky Way Galaxy’s supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* has long been considered a quiet sedate creature, but a new study has discovered a violent past. *The water makeup of Jupiter’s Galilean moons was set at birth A new study has shown that the differing water content of Jupiter’s four large Galilean moons was established as they formed and not from later evolutionary processes. *Meteoroid impact triggers dust avalanches on Mars A new study claims dust avalanches caused by meteor impacts can generate dark scratch like streaks on the red planet’s surface. *February Skywatch The constellation of Orion the Hunter, The red supergiant Betelgeuse, and the Pleiades or seven sisters open star cluster are among the highlights of the February night skies on SkyWatch. https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/ This week’s guests include: Donal O’Sullivan from Caltech And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics And Senior science writer and Sky and Telescope magazine contributor Jonathan Nally 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌

SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 10 In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking developments in space exploration, including the imminent launch of the first nuclear-powered rocket, the merging of low mass dwarf galaxies, and the intriguing connection between Earth-like planets and gas giants. The Dawn of Nuclear Rocket Technology History is set to be made as NASA and DARPA prepare to test the world’s first fully operational nuclear-powered orbital rocket. This innovative vehicle utilizes a nuclear thermal propulsion system that heats liquid hydrogen propellant through nuclear fusion, achieving nearly double the efficiency of conventional rockets. The test aims to validate reactor operation in orbit, potentially revolutionizing space travel by reducing transit times to Mars and allowing for larger payloads. Merging Dwarf Galaxies: A New Discovery A recent study published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters confirms that low mass dwarf galaxies can merge with one another. Observations of the Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxy reveal previously hidden stellar structures, suggesting that even the smallest galaxies experience mergers. These findings challenge traditional views on galaxy formation and evolution, indicating that interactions between dwarf galaxies may be more common than previously believed. The Connection Between Earth-Like and Gas Giant Planets Astronomers have found that rocky planets similar to Earth are more likely to exist in star systems that also contain large gas giants like Jupiter. This research, reported in Astronomy and Astrophysics, shows that cold Jupiters, which orbit beyond the snow line, play a significant role in the formation of super Earths in the inner regions of their planetary systems. The study offers new insights into the complex dynamics of planetary formation and the conditions that lead to the development of terrestrial planets. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astrophysical Journal Letters Astronomy and Astrophysics Science Advances Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support. (00:00:00) NASA and DARPA prepare to test the first nuclear-powered orbital rocket (00:10:15) New study confirms mergers among low mass dwarf galaxies (00:20:45) Link discovered between Earth-like planets and gas giants (00:30:00) China breaks through barriers in nuclear fusion reactor development (00:35:20) The impact of ultra-processed foods on global health.

SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 9 In this episode of SpaceTime, we unravel the enigma of the universe's mysterious little red dots, delve into groundbreaking insights from Jupiter regarding the evolution of our solar system's planets, and mark the commencement of construction on Earth's largest gamma-ray observatory. The Mystery of the Little Red Dots A fascinating new study reveals that the enigmatic little red dots observed in early images from the NASA Webb Space Telescope are, in fact, young black holes cloaked in ionized gas. Researchers from the Niels Bohr Institute's Cosmic Dawn Center have determined that these black holes, much smaller than previously thought, are in the process of consuming gas, which creates immense heat and radiation, giving them their distinctive red appearance. This discovery sheds light on the formation of some of the universe's earliest black holes just 700 million years after the Big Bang. Jupiter's Role in Planetary Evolution New simulations indicate that Jupiter may contain up to 50% more oxygen than the Sun, providing fresh insights into how the planets in our solar system formed. By developing a comprehensive model of Jupiter's atmosphere, researchers have resolved a long-standing debate regarding the gas giant's chemical composition. The findings suggest that Jupiter's atmosphere circulates much more slowly than previously believed, which could alter our understanding of planetary migration and formation processes. Construction of Earth's Largest Gamma-Ray Observatory Engineers have officially begun construction on the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, set to be the largest gamma-ray telescope ever built. Located in Chile's Atacama Desert, this observatory will significantly enhance our ability to study high-energy cosmic phenomena, such as black holes and supernovae. With over 60 telescopes across two sites, the observatory will allow astronomers to observe gamma rays with unprecedented accuracy, potentially unlocking new discoveries about dark matter and the fundamental laws of physics. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Nature Journal Planetary Science Journal Advances in Atmospheric Sciences Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support. (00:00:00) New study reveals little red dots in Webb images are young black holes (00:07:30) Jupiter may have 50% more oxygen than the Sun, reshaping planetary formation theories (00:15:45) Construction begins on the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (00:22:00) New data confirms 2025 saw record ocean heat storage (00:25:30) Advances in autonomous driving technology showcased at CES 2026.

SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 8 In this episode of SpaceTime, we investigate the surprising ways Mars influences Earth's climate, hear about the safe return of Crew 11 following the first emergency medical evacuation from the International Space Station, and explore a cosmic clock that reveals insights into Australia's geological history. Mars: A Climate Influencer A new study has unveiled that the orbit of Mars can significantly impact Earth's climate, even triggering ice ages. Researchers from the University of California Riverside utilized computer simulations to demonstrate how Mars’ gravitational pull alters Earth's orbit and affects long-term climatic cycles. The findings challenge previous assumptions about Mars' minimal influence and highlight the planet's role in shaping Earth's climatic patterns over millions of years. Crew 11's Safe Return NASA's SpaceX Crew 11 has successfully splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean after a historic emergency medical evacuation from the ISS. The crew's return, which occurred a month earlier than planned due to medical concerns, was marked by a brilliant display in the night sky as they descended. This marks a significant event in the history of human spaceflight, emphasizing the importance of health monitoring aboard the space station. Unveiling Australia's Geological History Scientists have discovered that the rare gas krypton can be used to unlock the secrets of Earth's ancient landscapes. By examining tiny zircon crystals found in ancient beach sands, researchers can gauge how long these minerals have been exposed at the surface, providing insights into erosion rates and potential mineral deposits. This groundbreaking research not only sheds light on the past but also has implications for future resource exploration in Australia. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Astronomical Society of the Pacific NASA Reports Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support. (00:00:00) New study shows how the orbit of Mars can affect climate here on Earth (00:05:52) NASA's SpaceX crew 11 safely returned to Earth after medical evacuation (00:08:17) SpaceX and NASA astronauts splashdown after 167 days in space (00:09:00) The crew were returning a month early due to medical concerns (00:10:46) Scientists use rare gas called krypton to study ancient Earth landscapes (00:23:05) New data from NASA shows 2025 was the second hottest year since records began (00:24:38) Some AI chatbots are reporting abuse and fear following interactions with humans

SpaceTime S29E08 S29E09 S29E10 w/c January 19th, 2026 Space, Astronomy and Science Podcast. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 08 *How tiny Mars impacts Earth’s climate A new study has shown how the orbit of the red planet Mars effects climates on Earth, even triggering ice ages. *Crew 11 returns to Earth safely following a medical evacuation NASA’s SpaceX Crew 11 have returned safely to Earth splashing down in the North Pacific Ocean off the California coast following an emergency medical evacuation from the International Space Station. *Cosmic clock reveals Australian history Scientists have shown how a rare gas called Krypton can be used to uncover the ancient history of Earth’s landscapes as well as its potential future mineral wealth. *The Science Report New data from NASA has shown that 2025 was the second hottest year since records began in 1880. Study shows some AI chatbots have reported abuse and fear following their interactions with humans. Scientists create synthetic ‘skin’ that can change colour and texture on demand. Skeptics guide to the worst flu season on record. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 09 *Solving the mystery of the universe's ‘little red dots’ A new study claims mysterious little red dots that turned up in some of the first images captured by NASA’s Webb Space Telescope are actually black holes concealed in cocoons of ionized gas. *What Jupiter is now telling us about the evolution of the solar system’s planets New computer simulations suggesting that Jupiter could hold fifty percent more oxygen than the Sun paints a new picture of how the planets in our solar system were formed. *Construction begins on Earth’s largest gamma-ray observatory Engineers have begun construction on the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory which will be the largest Gamma Ray telescope ever built. *The Science Report Study confirms 2025 saw Earth's oceans store more heat than at any other time since records began. Anthropologists identify traces of toxic poison compounds on 60,000-year-old arrowheads. Avoiding social media in elementary or primary school linked to improved mental health in kids. Alex on Tech CES from Lego to AI cars. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 10 *The first nuclear rocket about to be launched into space History’s about to be made with NASA and the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency -- DARPA – getting ready to test the world’s first fully operational nuclear powered orbital rocket in the coming months. *Do low-mass dwarf galaxies merge Astronomers have confirmed that low mass dwarf galaxies can and do merge with each other. *The link between Earth like planets and Jupiter like gas giants Astronomers have shown that rocky terrestrial planets -- similar to Earth -- tend to occur more often in star systems which also contain large Jupiter-like planets in more distant orbits. *The Science Report Study shows cheaper, ultra-processed foods are increasing the rate of chronic diseases. China breaks decades long barrier that’s limited nuclear fusion reactor development. Dogs can be especially good at learning words simply by eavesdropping on human conversation. Skeptics guide to fake AI doctors plaguing the internet. https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/ This week’s guests include: Associate Professor Milo Barham from Curtin University Suzanna Randall from the European Southern Observatory Martin Schlecker from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌

Sponsor Link: This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Squarespace. When it's time to get a presence online, go with the folks who support us...and build the best websites easily. No hassles. You can check out their special offer for SpaceTime listeners by visiting our special URL....Click Here SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 7 In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the intriguing possibilities surrounding the origins of life, including new findings from Saturn's moon Titan and the implications for our understanding of life beyond Earth. We also explore the latest research on Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, and uncover the sources of the sun's mysterious gamma rays. Life's Building Blocks on Titan A groundbreaking study reveals that Titan, Saturn's largest moon, exhibits unexpected chemical interactions at extremely low temperatures. Researchers found that hydrogen cyanide can mix with nonpolar substances like methane and ethane, challenging traditional chemistry principles. This discovery could provide insights into the prebiotic chemistry that may have preceded life on Earth, as Titan's environment mirrors that of early Earth. Europa's Quiet Oceans In a surprising turn, new calculations suggest that the vast subsurface ocean beneath Europa's icy crust may be lifeless. This research indicates that Europa lacks the geological activity, such as hydrothermal vents, necessary to sustain life. Lead author Paul Brian discusses how the moon's stable orbit around Jupiter limits the tidal forces that could drive geological processes, casting doubt on the moon's potential as a habitat for life. The Source of Solar Gamma Rays Astronomers have identified the origin of intense gamma radiation emitted during solar flares, linking it to high-energy electrons colliding with plasma in the solar corona. This finding, derived from observations of a significant solar flare in 2017, enhances our understanding of solar flare physics and could improve space weather forecasting. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Nature Communications Nature Astronomy Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support. (00:00:00) Scientists studying Saturn's moon Titan have discovered that normally incompatible substances can mix (00:05:19) NASA will launch the Dragonfly mission to Titan in 2028 (00:13:36) NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will study icy moon Europa (00:18:11) Astronomers have discovered that gamma rays generated by solar flares are caused by electrons (00:21:58) Most people who take diabetes drug Mounjaro gain weight back after stopping

Sponsor Links: This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Squarespace. When it's time to get a presence online, go with the folks who support us...and build the best websites easily. No hassles. You can check out their special offer for SpaceTime listeners by visiting our special URL....Click Here SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 6 In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries in astrophysics, including the confirmation of Betelgeuse's elusive companion star, a spectacular black hole event, and the BepiColombo spacecraft's approach to Mercury. Betelgeuse's Companion Star Confirmed Astronomers have finally confirmed that the red supergiant star Betelgeuse has a companion star, named Saguara. Utilizing data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based observatories, researchers traced the influence of Saguara as it interacts with Betelgeuse's outer atmosphere. This discovery sheds light on the star's peculiar brightness variations and its eventual fate as it nears a supernova explosion, which could occur at any time in astronomical terms. A Black Hole's Powerful Feast In a remarkable observation, astronomers witnessed a black hole shredding a massive star in what is described as the most powerful event of its kind ever recorded. Known as a gravitational tidal disruption event, this phenomenon released energy equivalent to 400 billion times that of our Sun, surpassing even the most energetic supernovae. The event, cataloged as AT 2024WPP, offers new insights into black hole behavior and the dynamics of stellar destruction. BepiColombo's Journey to Mercury The BepiColombo spacecraft is nearing its orbit insertion around Mercury after a seven-year journey. Launched in 2018, this multi-spacecraft mission will study Mercury's surface, magnetic field, and interaction with solar activity. The mission consists of two orbiters that will work in tandem to gather comprehensive data about this enigmatic planet, promising to enhance our understanding of planetary formation and evolution. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astrophysical Journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society European Space Agency Reports Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

Sponsor Link: This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Squarespace. When it's time to get a presence online, go with the folks who support us...and build the best websites easily. No hassles. You can check out their special offer for SpaceTime listeners by visiting our special URL....Click Here In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover new evidence suggesting that dark matter may interact with neutrinos, a revelation that could reshape our understanding of the universe. We also discuss a serious medical issue that has forced one of the crews aboard the International Space Station to return home early, and learn about the remarkable discovery that galaxies spin like clockwork. Dark Matter and Neutrinos: A Possible Interaction Scientists are challenging the long-standing standard model of particle physics with new findings indicating that dark matter and neutrinos may interact. This groundbreaking research, reported in Nature Astronomy, provides a rare glimpse into the universe's hidden components. By analyzing data from both the early and late universe, researchers suggest that these elusive cosmic entities could influence the formation of galaxies and other structures, potentially addressing discrepancies observed in cosmological measurements. Medical Emergency Forces ISS Crew to Return Early NASA's SpaceX Crew 11 is returning to Earth ahead of schedule due to a medical concern involving one of the astronauts. While the situation is stable and not classified as an emergency, the decision was made to ensure the crew member receives comprehensive medical evaluation on the ground. This marks a historic moment, as it is the first time in 26 years of ISS operations that a medical issue has necessitated an early return. Galaxies Spin Like Clockwork Recent studies have confirmed that galaxies rotate approximately once every billion years, regardless of their size. This research, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, reveals a consistent rotational pattern across different types of galaxies, enhancing our understanding of their mechanics and structure. The findings indicate that older stars exist even at the edges of galaxies, providing valuable insights into galactic formation and evolution. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Nature Astronomy Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society British Medical Journal Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

Space, Astronomy and Science Podcast. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 05 *Evidence that dark matter might interact with neutrinos Scientists are a step closer to solving one of the universe’s biggest mysteries with new evidence that Dark Matter and neutrinos might interact -- a discovery that’s offering a rare window into the darkest recesses of the cosmos. *Serious medical issue forces space station crew home early NASA’s SpaceX Crew 11 aboard the International Space Station are returning to Earth early due to medical concerns for one of the astronauts onboard the orbiting outpost. *Study confirms that galaxies spin like clockwork it’s been shown that all galaxies rotate about once every billion years, no matter how big they are. *The Science Report A new study has shown how food preservatives are linked to a higher risk of cancer. Studies show some 1.8 million people a year are dying of heart problems related to heat or the cold. The earliest animals such as Jellyfish and sea anemones have similar sleeping habits to humans. Skeptics guide to Antarctic ice coverage. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 06 *Betelgeuse's elusive companion confirmed Astronomers have confirmed that the red supergiant star Betelgeuse has a smaller companion star. *A black hole destroys a star in the most powerful event of its kind ever seen Astronomers have witnessed a black hole shredding and devouring a massive star on a scale never seen before. *BepiColombo nears Mercury orbital arrival after its seven year journey The BepiColombo space craft has now entered the final year of its seven year journey to study the mysterious world of Mercury the closest planet to the Sun. *The Science Report The flood of microplastics entering the oceans are diminishing the sea’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide. A new study shows that more people experience sleep apnoea during heatwaves. Seafaring hunter-gatherers were accessing remote Mediterranean islands thousands of years earlier. Alex on Tech: Alex in wonderland at CES the world’s largest consumer electronics show. SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 07 *New questions about how life could have started Scientists studying Saturn's moon Titan have discovered that normally incompatible substances can still be mixed in extremely cold environments. *Claims Europa’s seafloor likely to be lifeless A new study warns that the oceans beneath the frozen surface of the Jovian ice moon Europa are likely to be quiet and lifeless. *Discovering where the Sun’s mysterious gamma rays originate Astronomers have discovered that intense gamma radiation unleased by the Sun during its most violent eruptions is caused by electrons colliding with plasma in the solar corona – the Sun’s upper atmosphere. *The Science Report People who lose weight taking Mounjaro end up gaining some of it back once they stop taking the drug. Scientists have set a world record for solar cell efficiency with eco-friendly perovskite technology. Birds around the world are singing for nearly an hour longer on average due to light pollution. Skeptics guide to male circumcision and autism. https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/ This week’s guests include: NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman, NASA Associate Administrator Amit Rhea NASA chief health and Medical officer Dr. J.D. Polk. ESA BepiColumbo Project Scientist Johannes Benkhoff DLR Planetary Scientist Jorn Helbert Europa Clipper Project Scientist Robert Pappalado Europa Clipper Launch to Mars Mission Manager Tracy Drain Europa Clipper Project Manager Jordan Evans Europa Clipper Telecomms Systems Engineer Dipak Srinivasan And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌

SpaceTime with Stuart Gary Gary - Series 29 Episode 4 In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest revelations about supermassive black holes, the enigmatic interstellar comet 3I Atlas, and NASA's innovative tests on lunar surface interactions. Do All Galaxies Host Supermassive Black Holes? A groundbreaking study utilizing NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory challenges the long-held belief that all galaxies harbor supermassive black holes at their centers. Analyzing data from over 1,600 galaxies, researchers discovered that only about 30% of dwarf galaxies contain these cosmic giants. The findings, published in the Astrophysical Journal, provide crucial insights into the formation of supermassive black holes and suggest that smaller galaxies may have significantly fewer black holes than their massive counterparts. No Evidence of Alien Intelligence from Comet 3I Atlas Despite sensational claims, a thorough investigation into the interstellar comet 3I Atlas has yielded no signs of extraterrestrial technology. Observations from the Green Bank Radio Telescope during the comet's closest approach revealed only radio frequency interference, dismissing earlier speculations of alien signals. The analysis reinforces the understanding that the comet's behavior aligns with natural phenomena, rather than advanced civilizations. NASA's Rocket Plume Studies on Lunar Regolith NASA is conducting new experiments to understand how rocket plumes interact with the lunar surface, crucial for future lunar landings. Using a sophisticated camera system, scientists are simulating rocket engine behavior in a vacuum chamber to analyze the impact of exhaust on lunar dust and rocks. The data collected will inform the design of landing systems for the Artemis missions and future Mars explorations, ensuring crew safety and mission success. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astrophysical Journal NASA Reports Journal of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support. (00:00:00) This is Space Time Series 29, Episode 4 for broadcast on 9 January 2026 (00:00:47) Study reveals fewer supermassive black holes in smaller galaxies (00:12:30) No signs of alien technology from comet 3I Atlas (00:20:10) NASA's lunar regolith plume interaction tests (00:25:00) Science report: Microplastics and neurodegenerative diseases, dog ownership and community ties