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Since the discovery of electricity, scientists, inventors and engineers have attempted to figure out ways in which this often-mysterious force could influence our brains and behaviour. History is littered with all manner of wild experiments, many of which were less successful than others, but could it be that we’re entering an age in which it’s possible to not only manipulate the electrical impulses that fire in our brains but to use them to connect us with machines? In this episode, we’re joined by cultural historian and author Mike Jay to talk about his latest book, Wireheads – An Unnatural History of Technology in the Brain. He tells us about some of the key historical figures who have attempted to manipulate our brains using electrical implants, how this idea arose in the first place, and how the idea moved from fringe practices to genuine innovations in modern medicine. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Almost as soon as we are able to speak, we start asking our parents, relatives, and teachers an almost frustratingly large number of ‘why questions’. It’s an essential part of the natural human desire to understand the world in which we live. However, answering these questions is often much more complicated than it may first seem. What makes one explanation easier to understand than another, and how can we do it better? In this episode, we’re joined by Prof Tania Lombrozo, a psychologist and author based at Princeton University, to talk about her latest book, Why We Ask Why – The Science of Explanation and the Human Drive to Understand. She tells us how explanations come in many different forms based on our knowledge, communication skills, and relationships, talks about the traps of over- or under-explaining that we all often fall into, and investigates the effect that AI is having on the way we receive and interpret information. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Over the last decade or so, it’s become abundantly clear that eating a diet based on ultra-processed food is damaging to our bodily health. Could it be that our information diets, the deluge of content we consume online every day, is having a similar detrimental effect on our mental health? In this episode, we’re joined by technology lawyer and author Seb Butcher to talk about his latest book, Distorted: Ultra-Processed Feeds, Splintered Worlds and How the Internet Broke Reality. He explains how junk online content can capture our attention, erode our powers of critical thinking, and reduce our empathy towards others, how the rise of AI is complicating matters even further, and shares some thoughts on how we can all make our information diets a little healthier. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Sometimes, no matter how busy we are or how hard we work, when we look back on our day, it can seem like we didn’t really achieve very much. Why is this and what can we do to make more effective use of our time? Could the answer be simply tuning into our bodies’ and minds’ natural rhythms – more specifically the ultradian rhythm, the 90-minute cycles of attention and alertness that oscillate throughout the day? In this episode we’re joined by executive coach and author Dr Christian Poensgen, to talk about his latest book, Ultraproductive – The 90-Minute Method for More Focus, Better Sleep and Less Stress. He talks about the many factors within modern life that lead us to struggle to carry out our daily tasks, why concentrating on quality rather than quantity of focus, sleep, and relaxation is essential for our productivity, and shares some psychological tips that can help us all start making more effective use of our time. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 To find out more about the topics discussed in this episode visit https://www.ultraproductive.com to receive nine infographics detailing the key methods from the book straight to your inbox. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

For many of us, maths is simply a subject we studied at school to help us learn how to count, add one thing to another, and carry out everyday tasks such as managing our personal finances. But if we look more deeply, maths has underpinned the way that humans understand and interpret the world for thousands of years. Without our knowledge of maths, we’d have no smartphones and no internet, our buildings wouldn’t stay standing up, and we’d know very little about the wider Universe we live in. In this episode we’re joined by Prof Terrence Tao, a mathematician and author based at the University of California, Los Angeles to talk about his latest book, Six Maths Essentials – How to Model the World. He tells us how starting to think about numbers more abstractly opened up a whole new way in which we can understand the world around us, how innovations in maths have often helped us to solve real-world scientific problems that arose long after their initial discovery, and encourages us all to see how paying more attention to maths just a little more can help us enrich our lives. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

For those of us who live in towns and cities, bogs may seem to be a rare environmental relic left over from times gone by, or perhaps something we’ve only encountered onscreen in spooky fantasy movies. The fact is that these peat-rich, often otherworldly landscapes are found in almost every corner of the globe, have had a deep influence on the development of human culture, and act as one of the planet’s unsung heroes in the fight against climate change. In this episode we’re joined by ecologist, climate scientist and author Merritt Turetsky, to talk about her latest book, Boglands – The Hidden World of Earth’s Most Extraordinary Ecosystems. She tells us how bogs form over thousands of years thanks to the gradual breaking down of plant matter, how, far from being pits of death and decay, bogs are teeming with a fascinating array of life, and explains how bogs act as one of the natural world’s greatest historical record keepers. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

From the neatly curated English country garden to the wild jungles of the Amazon, the Earth is host to a staggeringly diverse range of plant life. One of the key reasons for the great evolutionary success of plants is the wide-ranging versatility and utility of the leaves that grow on them. In this episode we’re joined by Prof Jonathan Silvertown, an evolutionary ecologist based at the University of Edinburgh, to talk about his latest book, Nature’s Magicians – How Leaves Conjure Up Our World. He tells us how plants act as one of the natural world’s master chemists, explains how they contain internal clocks that allow them to track the time of day and even the time of the year, and details how they detect and respond to light, sounds, and even predatory attacks. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Every built environment we spend our time in, our homes, offices, music venues or sports stadiums – is designed and constructed after hours of consideration about form and function. Oftentimes, less consideration is given to the impact this has on the health of the planet. In this episode, we’re joined by Will Arnold, an environmentalist, engineer, and author, to talk about his latest book, Future Build – How Construction Can Heal Our Planet. He breaks down the huge environmental impact the five most common materials we use to construct the buildings we spend our lives in have on our planet, tells us some of the ways we could be producing these materials more efficiently and using them more thoughtfully, and looks to a future in which we can construct buildings that are more in tune with the environments they’re built in. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

A late summer sunset, a peaceful, verdant forest, or a Shakespearean sonnet – these are all things that move us emotionally thanks to what we perceive as their beauty. But why is this so, why do environments, art, music, and even ideas move us so emotionally? In this episode, we’re joined by Prof Nicholas Humphrey, an evolutionary psychologist and author, to talk about his latest book, Why Is the World So Beautiful? Our Minds in Search of Nature’s Rhymes. He tells us how our sense of beauty is likely linked to our evolutionary tendency to seek out the patterns found in nature, why the appreciation of beauty seems to be unique to humans, and explains how our sense of beauty is anchored in the way that we try to understand the world we live in. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Whenever we buy a new product or use a service, we simply expect it to work as advertised, usually without giving much thought to how it came to being in the first place. However, behind the scenes, every piece of technology we use, be it a toaster, a lawnmower or even the aeroplane we travel in when we head off on our holidays, has gone through a rigorous series of tests to ensure its safety and efficacy. This often-overlooked aspect of our everyday existence is carried out by test engineers. In this episode we’re joined by tech journalist and author Alex Davies to talk about his latest book, How to Keep a Plane in the Sky – Tales from the Wild, Unseen World of Test Engineering. He tells us how engineers design the products we rely on to perform well beyond any expected limits of use, how they build in safeguards to account for almost every eventuality and the great lengths they go to to account for human unpredictability. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Currently, around one in ten of us are living with asthma. For many, the symptoms can be relatively mild, but for others, attacks can be severe, debilitating, and even life-threatening. For the most part, we’ve relied on the same method of treatment to manage the condition for the last few decades. However, new research is showing great promise in helping those who suffer from this often-overlooked condition. In this episode, we’re joined by Dr Samantha Walker, director of research at Asthma + Lung UK. She tells us how asthma occurs in several different forms, why we still have so much to learn about the root causes of asthma, and how new technology can help us to treat this often-misunderstood condition more effectively. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

These days, supermarket shelves are filled with thousands of different products all vying for our attention; the options are almost endless. However, if we look back in time, we find that our early ancestors simply ate what they were able to hunt and gather and eventually farm. Thanks to the huge number of options we now have available, many of us choose to follow diet plans of various kinds, be it veganism, low-fat, low-carb, or the paleo diet, but what can we learn from evolutionary history about what we should really be eating if we want to live longer, healthier lives? In this episode we’re joined by Prof Daniel Lieberman, an author and evolutionary biologist based at Harvard University, to talk about his latest book, Fed Up – What Evolution Reveals about Food, Diet and Eating Well. He tells us why many of us find it so difficult to eliminate certain foodstuffs from our diets over the long-term, how humans evolved to store more body fat than other mammals, and why the good news is that humans are perhaps nature’s ultimate omnivores. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Though often thought of as the poor cousin to our other senses, our sense of smell has played a key role in human life since its very beginnings. It helps us to determine whether certain foods are safe to eat, protects us from environmental dangers such as fire, mould and toxic chemicals, and has even been weaponised for use as a form of racial or economic discrimination. Without it, the world would be a vastly different place. In this episode we’re joined by Dr William Tullett, an historian and author based at the University of York, to talk about his new book, Sniff – A History of Smells. He tells us how advances in technology over the last several centuries have resulted in significant impacts on the odours that pervade our everyday lives, how many of us would rather give up our sense of smell than our phones, and explains how we can all reconnect with our sense of smell to widen our experience of the world we live in. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The possibility that we may be living in a simulation created by a more technologically advanced civilisation has occupied the minds of scientists, philosophers and fiction writers for decades. We may never be able to satisfactorily answer this question, but perhaps the best way of investigating its feasibility is by looking at how we might go about creating a simulation universe ourselves. In this episode we’re joined by Prof Catherine Heymans, Astronomer Royal for Scotland, who investigates this question in her new book, How to Design a Universe – The Science of Real and Virtual Worlds, the royalties of which will be given to the Royal Observatory Trust, which supports astronomy youth projects across Scotland. She tells us what our current knowledge tells us about the way that the universe operates, explains why we’d need an enormous amount of computing power to generate a simulation universe, and investigates the question of why we, or a more advanced civilisation, might attempt to do this in the first place. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Often in life, we find ourselves being accused of being lazy or accusing others of acting lazily, or maybe even becoming frustrated by what we see as laziness in our own actions. But what do we really mean by the term laziness, why is it viewed as a taboo that transcends cultures, and what effect does considering ourselves or others lazy have on our mental health? In this episode, we’re joined by Prof Katrien Devolder, an ethicist based at the University of Oxford and research leader of Project Lazy. She tells us about the different ways we view laziness in ourselves and others, why working smarter and more efficiently is often misconstrued as laziness, and the impact AI is having on our views of laziness. Take your curiosity further with a subscription to BBC Science Focus magazine. Every issue is packed with fascinating insights into the science behind everyday life, the latest breakthroughs and expert analysis, delivered straight to your door. Receive an extra £5 when you subscribe using the code SF5OFF, (minimum spend £20, see full terms and conditions on our website). https://www.ourmediashop.com/bbc-science-focus-magazine-pod30 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices