Advertise on podcast: Breaking Bad Science

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience The practice of chiropractics is widely popular, especially in the United States. A practice that evolved in parallel with what's known as osteopathic medicine. The question at this point, is how many of us have ever even heard the second term. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what the similarities are and how they differ? Most importantly, we'll talk about whether either of them stack up from a scientific perspective as far as efficacy is concerned?  References Ernst, E.; Chiropractic: A Critical Evaluation. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 15-Feb-2008. 35:5 (544 - 562). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004 Michas, F.; Number of Chiropractic Licenses in the U.S. 1996 - 2020. Statista.com. 25-Aug-2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/450353/number-of-chiropractic-licenses-in-the-us/Baer, H.; The Drive for Legitimation by Osteopathy and Chiropractic in Australia: Between Heterodoxy and Orthodoxy. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine. 01-Apr-2006. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210106292467Baer, H.; Divergence and Convergence in Two Systems of Manual Medicine: Osteopathy and Chiropractic in the United States. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. Jun-1987. 1:2 (176 - 193). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.1987.1.2.02a00030American Chiropractic Association. What Research Shows About Chiropractic. ACA. https://www.acatoday.org/research/what-research-shows/ Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience In medieval times witchcraft was a dark, mysterious, and even dangerous practice. So much so, that it became the focus of the witch trials. But what's considered witchcraft? Everyone's seen some movie or TV show where the witch is boiling something in their cauldron or casting spells, but what about dowsing? Ever seen one walk around with a Y shaped stick or a couple of rods held out in front of them? No? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what dowsing is and how we realize maybe we never stopped doing it. References Ebersole, R.; He Trains Cops in “Witching” to Help Find Corpses. Experts Are Alarmed. MotherJones. 17-Mar-2022. https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2022/03/national-forensic-academy-police-training-dowsing-witching-arpad-vass/McCarney, R., et. al.; Can Homeopaths Detect Homeopathic Medicines by Dowsing? A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Apr-2022. 95:4 (189 - 191). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.95.4.189Harvalik, Z.; Anatomical Localization of Human Detection of Weak Electromagnetic Radiation: Experiments with Dowsers. Physiological Chemistry and Physics. 1978. 19:6 (525 - 534). Henry, V.; The Modern Dowser. Nature. 27-Feb-1937. 139: 352. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/139352c0Weaver, M.; UK Water Firms Admit Using Divining Rods to Find Leaks and Pipes. The Guardian. 21-Nov-2017. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/nov/21/uk-water-firms-admit-using-divining-rods-to-find-leaks-and-pipes Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience Will Smith was in a movie about it. The Thundamentals and several others have written songs about it, but what is the “Hypothesis concerning soul substance together with experimental evidence of the existence of such substance?” More importantly, why does it make some people believe in the importance of the specific value, 21 grams? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the paper that led to the infamous belief that the soul weighs 21 grams. References MacDougall, D.; Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance Together with Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such Substance. American Society of Psychical Research. 1901. 1:5 (237 - 275).  https://diogenesii.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/duncan_macdougall_1907_-_21pp.pdfHollander, L.; Unexplained Weight Gain Transients at the Moment of Death. Journal of Scientific Exploration. 2001. 15:4 (495 - 500). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.567.4701&rep=rep1&type=pdf Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience If you listen to the show regularly, you know we just love space. In this episode, join hosts Shanti and Danny for something that is 1 part updating everyone on the world's most innovative telescope and 1 part just geeking out over how cool space is.  References NASA; NASA’s Webb Reaches Alignment Milestone, Optics Working Successfully. NASA.gov. 16-Mar-2022. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-webb-reaches-alignment-milestone-optics-working-successfullyIndiaToday; James Webb Telescope Packs 1000 Ancient Galaxies Into One Picture. IndiaToday. 17-Mar-2022. https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/james-webb-telescope-picture-photobomb-galaxy-nasa-esa-1926325-2022-03-17Amos, J.; James Webb ‘Fully Focused’ Telescope Beats Expectations. BBC News. 16-Mar-2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60771210 Explore Light, this is the link mentioned in the episode for the imaging differences.  https://www.nasa.gov/content/explore-light Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience Way back in episode 35 we discussed how educating the entire populace of a country is still sort of a new concept. The importance of an entirely educated population is a belief system barely around 100 years old now. With that always comes a clear division in understanding of how and what is best. Because of this we have public schools, private schools, boarding schools, and charter schools. But what is a charter school? How does it differ from any of these other categories that it seems like we're all well acquainted with and is it better? References Digest of Education Statistics. Public and Private Elementary and SEcondary Teachers, Enrollment, Pupil/Teacher Ratios, and New Teacher Hires: Selected Years, Fall 1955 Through Fall 2029. National Center for Education Statistics. 2020. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d20/tables/dt20_208.20.aspLogan, J., Burdick-Will, J.; School Segregation, Charter Schools, and Access to Quality Education. Journal of Urban Affairs. Aug-2016. 38:3 (323 - 343). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12246Hojo, M.; Association Between Student-Teacher Ratio and Teachers’ Working Hours and Workload Stress: Evidence from a Nationwide Survey in Japan. BMC Public Health. 7-Sep-2021. 21:1 (1635). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11677-wNational Conference of State Legislatures. Education Research. National Conference of State Legislatures. https://www.ncsl.org/research/education/charter-schools-research-and-report.aspx#:~:text=The%20most%20rigorous%20studies%20conducted,charter%20schools%20in%20different%20states.Hirsh, K.; Class Size and Charter Schools. Chalkbeat New York. 24-Feb-2009. https://ny.chalkbeat.org/2009/2/24/21098084/class-size-and-charter-schools Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience It feels like only a couple days ago the Breaking Bad Science team set about trying to figure out what Bitcoin even really was. So how then are we already faced with some new currency. Is that the right term? Maybe collectible would be better? Whatever it is, the acronym N.F.T. is at the very least a massive buzz word. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what they are. How long have they been around and if fungible has anything to do with the item's ability to provide entertainment. References Conti, R., Schmidt, J.; What is an NFT? Non-Fungible Tokens Explained. Forbes Advisor. 15-Feb-2022. https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nft-non-fungible-token/BBC News; Elvis’s Pink Cadillac Auctioned. 13-Sep-2006. BBC News.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/derbyshire/5343214.stmDash, A.; NFTs Weren’t Supposed to End Like This. The Atlantic. 02-Apr-2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/nfts-werent-supposed-end-like/618488/Brandon, R.; $1.7 Million in NFTs Stolen in Apparent Phishing Attack on OpenSea Users. 20-Feb-2022. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/20/22943228/opensea-phishing-hack-smart-contract-bug-stolen-nft Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience When my wife was first pregnant with our son, we were desperate to try to figure out the sex. We discovered that people had some of the most interesting theories about what factors would influence this result in the end. Right down to how the deed was done. The reality is, in the simplest form that the male sperm decides the gender and that is produced at a 1:1 ratio. But if that's where the story ends shouldn't birth rates be 50:50 as well?  Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the idea that maybe they're not? If there is something else going on, what the actual rates are and why might this actually make sense?  References Statista. Resident Population of the United States by Sex and Age as of July 1, 2020. Statista.com. July-2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/241488/population-of-the-us-by-sex-and-age/Orzack, S., et. al.; The Human Sex Ratio from Conception to Birth. PNAS. 21-Apr-2015. 112:16 (E2102 - E2111). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416546112Spears, K., et. al.; Gender, Famine, and the Female Mortality Advantage. World Peace Foundation and Tufts University. Dec-2021. https://sites.tufts.edu/wpf/files/2021/12/Genderfamine-and-mortality-2021120634.pdfSong, S.; Does Famine Influence Sex Ratio at Birth? Evidence from the 1959 - 1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences. 22-Jul-2012. 279: 1739 (2883 - 2890). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0320Knox, R.; Examining Environmental Factors in Sex Ratio. NPR. 18-Jul-2005. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4758495 Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience In the immaculate words of the great Serj Tankian, “Eating, it seems, is a pass-time activity.” And he's not wrong. When I'm bored or down, eating has been a great way to get through those moments. As one might guess, that's not healthy. This is why we humans develop things like diets, eating disorders, and the unfortunate term hangry. But lately it seems like everyone is mentioning something else: intermittent fasting. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss if it’s just eating, then not eating for a long time, then eating again? What it is. How it works, or if it even does work.  References Cabo, R., et. al.; Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 12-Feb-2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1905136Gunnars, K.; 10 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting. Healthline.com. 13-May-2021. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-health-benefits-of-intermittent-fasting#TOC_TITLE_HDR_10Baik, S., et. al.; Intermittent Fasting Increases Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Brain and Behavior. 05-Dec-2019. 10:1. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1444Longo, V., Mattson, M.; Fasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Cell Metabolism. 16-Jan-2014. 19:2 (181 - 192). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008Antoni, R., et. al.; Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 16-Jan-2017. 76:3 (361 - 368). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665116002986 Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience Between 1961 and 1968 one man led JFK's dream to put a man on the moon. That was when James Webb retired. A year later, that mission would finally be accomplished. Though he would be far from the only person responsible for that incredible accomplishment, it would be him that NASA would honor on Dec 25th 2021. So why does James Webb matter now 52 years later, and what is Legrange Point 2? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss if this is really important or if it’s just an updated version of some patented hand gesture? References Wall, M.; The Alignment of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Has Begun. Space.com. 03-Feb-2022. https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-alignment-beginsHowell, E.; NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope: The Ultimate Guide. Space.com. 25-Dec-2021. https://www.space.com/21925-james-webb-space-telescope-jwst.html#google_vignetteTillman, N.; What is the Eagle Nebula. Space.com. 18-Apr-2019. https://www.space.com/16396-eagle-nebula-m16-hubble-images-pillars-of-creation.htmlHammel, H. Why Will it Take Six Months to See JWST’s First Science Images?. Planetary.org. 22-Dec-2021. https://www.planetary.org/articles/jwst-first-images Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience Oh she's hot but a psycho, a little bit psycho. Well, is she Ava Max? Is she a psycho? In the late 90's and early 2000's it became commonplace to refer to people as psycho or a complete psychopath. Here in the early 20's it's become more hip to refer to these same people as sociopaths. Is this just us, as humans, discovering new words or are we really surrounded by that many psychopaths and sociopaths? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what these terms actually mean, and commiserate with Dr. Brian Wasicek our resident psychiatrist on the very idea of psychopathy, not to be confused with cyclopothy.  References American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). APA. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Support the show

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience We talked last week about the wonders and possibilities of traveling among the stars and visiting other planets via warp drives. While discussing it, we mentioned the incredible amount of power required to make something like that a reality. So what would that kind of power look like? How can it be achieved on a scale to even make it feasible? What exactly is Fusion...besides that thing that makes Gotenks? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss the wonders of nuclear power and the possibility of fusion energy.  Encyclopedia Britannica; Atomic Bomb, Fission Device. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20-Dec-2021. https://www.britannica.com/technology/atomic-bombEncyclopedia Britannica; Thermonuclear Bomb, Fusion Device. Encyclopedia Britannica. 22-Oct-221. https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermonuclear-bombIrfan, U.; Fusion Energy is a Reason to Be Excited About the Future. Vox.com. 06-Jan-2022. https://www.vox.com/22801265/fusion-energy-electricity-power-climate-change-research-iterGamillo, E.; China’s Artificial Sun Just Broke a Record for Longest Sustained Nuclear Fusion. Smithsonian Magazine. 10-Jan-2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chinas-artificial-sun-reactor-broke-record-for-nuclear-fusion-180979336/Clifford, C.; A National Lab Just Achieved a ‘Wright Brothers Moment’ in Nuclear Fusion. CNBC. 17-Aug-2021. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2021/08/17/lawrence-livermore-lab-makes-significant-achievement-in-fusion.htmlBlain, L.; Chinese Tokamak Keeps Plasma 2.6 Times as Hot as the Sun for 17 Minutes. New Atlas. 04-Jan-2022. https://newatlas.com/energy/asipp-east-tokamak-plasma-record/ Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you ([email protected]) Look us up on social media  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/ Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience When it comes to the idea of faster than light travel, as Scotty famously said, we just don’t have the power. The question is, is that all? Does anything we know of move faster than the speed of light? Is it theoretically possible? Most importantly, could a warp drive ever truly exist? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss these drives and the idea of faster than light, what it means, and if we think it could ever be achievable.  References Siegel, E.; There’s Only One Way to Beat the Speed of Light. Forbes. 12-May-2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/05/12/theres-only-one-way-to-beat-the-speed-of-light/?sh=24c3069583afWilliams, M.; Scientists Are Starting to Take Warp Drives Seriously, Especially This One Concep. ScienceAlert. 01-Mar-2020. https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-are-starting-to-take-warp-drives-seriously-especially-this-one-conceptCollura, S.; Star Trek’s Warp Drive Could Really Happen Someday…. Ign. 18-Sep-2012. https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/18/star-treks-warp-drive-could-really-happenAnkers, A.; Scientists Take a Step Towards Building a Rea-Life Warp Drive…By Accident. Ign. 31-Dec-2021. https://www.ign.com/articles/warp-bubble-discovery-real-life-warp-drive-by-accidentWhite, H., et. al.; Worldline Numerics Applied to Custom Casimir Geometry Generates Unanticipated Intersection with Alcubierre Warp Metric. The European Physical Journal. 31-Jul-2021. 81: 677. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09484-z Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)