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On 17 January 1945, the SS began evacuating the Auschwitz camp. Around 56,000 men and women, prisoners under the escort of armed SS men, marched out from various parts ofthe camp complex in the direction of Wodzisław Śląski and Gliwice. Several thousand people were killed during these so-called Death Marches. In this episode of the “On Auschwitz” podcast, we quote fragments of eyewitness accounts relating to these events. ===== Illustration: Zbigniew Otfinowski, Marsz ewakuacyjny [Evacuation march] (1946). Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Collections =====  Excerpts from accounts read by narrators (Therese McLaughlin & Mike Skagerlind) come from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Archives:  Teofil Balcarek, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements],t. 115, k. 204-205. Israel Berkowski, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 35, k. 29. Wanda Bienioszek, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 116, s. 176. Wanda Błachowska-Tarasiewicz, APMAB, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 1, k. 19-20. Józef Ciepły, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t.86, k. 48, 127-128. Jan Dziopek, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t.10, k. 29. Jan Dziopek, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 50, k. 138-143 Róża Dryjańska, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t.88, k. 211, 233. Ilona Engelova, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 80, k. 171. Abraham Dawid Feffer, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 16, k. 54. Jan Gabryś, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t.104, k. 138-140. Janina Hinczowa, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 62, k. 60. Irena Konieczna, APMAB. Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements],t. 113, k. 130. Wanda Koprowska, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 13, k. 66-68. Eulalia Kurdej, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t.66, k. 142. Erwin Olszówka, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 72, k. 138. Antonina Piątkowska, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 85, k. 45 Franciszka Pieczka, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 88b, k. 133. Ilona Strusińska, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements],t. 80, k. 170. Marii Śleziona, APMAB. Inne Zespoły [Others] (IZ) – 27/3. Maria Ślisz, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t.61, k. 134. Zofia Stępień-Bator, APMAB, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 74, k. 167. Maria Świderska, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 21, k. 85, 88. Józef Tabaczyński, APMAB, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 44, k. 60-63. Anna Tytoniak, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t.12a, k. 198 Jan Wawrosz, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories]t. 1, k. 59. Franciszek Wieszała, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 16, k. 81. Helena Włodarska, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 66, k. 78. Jadwiga Zając, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 139, k. 13-15. Leszek Zienc, APMA-B, Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 2, k. 226. Natan Żelechower, „Siedem obozów”, [in:] Zespół Wspomnienia [Memories], t. 83, k. 68-72, APMA-B. Maria Żumańska, APMA-B, Zespół Oświadczenia [Statements], t. 4, k. 420.

The Waffen-SS and Police Hygiene Institute at Auschwitz was established in the autumn of 1942. Its tasks included conducting hygienic and bacteriological tests for SS units, the German army, the police, and concentration camps, including the entire Auschwitz camp complex. Teresa Wontor-Cichy from the Auschwitz Museum Research Centre talks about the activities of the institute, which used camp prisoners both for labour and as research subjects. ===== Voiceover: Sarah Edwards, Therese McLaughlin

What did ideological training for SS personnel at the Auschwitz camp look like, and how did the ideology of national socialism influence the functioning of this SS formation? These questions are addressed in the podcast by Dr. Agnieszka Kita, Deputy Head of the Auschwitz Museum Archives. ==== Voiceovers: Therese McLaughlin and Kate Weinrieb

Some 8,200 SS men and 200 women overseers served in the camp garrison of the German Nazi camp Auschwitz between 1940 and 1945. How were the perpetrators from Auschwitz, including the first commandant, Rudolf Höss, and other garrison members, held accountable? Dr. Wojciech Płosa, head of the Archives of the Memorial, explains. ===== Voiceovers: Greg Littlefield, Mike Skagerlind

Block 11 at Auschwitz I was isolated from the rest of the camp. It served as a prison, an execution site, and the quarters of the penal company. Dr. Adam Cyra from the Auschwitz Museum Research Centre talks about the unique history of the so-called Block of Death. ===== Voiceovers: Toon Dressen and Grey Stanford.

At Auschwitz a system of punishments was in place for prisoners who broke camp regulations. In addition to official penalties, SS garrison members and functionary prisoners also imposed so-called unofficial punishments. Dr. Piotr Setkiewicz, head of the Research Center at the Auschwitz Museum, explains the types of punishments and the offenses for which men and women prisoners could be punished. ===== Voiceover: Tom Vamos, Mike Skagerlind

The International Center for Education about Auschwitz and the Holocaust, established as a result of the efforts of Auschwitz Survivors, has been operating at the Memorial since 2005. The Museum director Dr. Piotr Cywiński and Education Center director Andrzej Kacorzyk discuss what education at the Memorial looks like today and what challenges it faces in the context of modern times. ===== Voiceover: Greg Littlefield, Grey Stafford

Education at the Auschwitz Memorial has been carried out since the Museum was established in 1947, and the first guides were Survivors who told visitors about the tragic history of the camp from their personal perspective. It was due to the efforts of the Survivors that the International Center for Education about Auschwitz and the Holocaust was established in 2005. Krystyna Oleksy, the first director of the Education Center, discusses its beginnings, the first educational projects, and significant challenges. ===== Voiceover: Mary Castillo, Calum Melville

Paragraph 175 of the German Penal Code criminalized homosexual contacts between men. One possible punishment was imprisonment in a concentration camp. Also at Auschwitz, there was a small group of men convicted of homosexuality. Dr. Agnieszka Kita, deputy head of the Auschwitz Museum Archives, talks about the persecution of homosexual men in Nazi Germany and the postwar memory of their fate. English voiceover: Kate Weinrieb --- Our online lesson about this group of prisoners of Auschwitz by Bogdan Piętka from the Research Center of the Auschwitz Museum.

On June 14, 1940, the Germans deported a group of 728 Poles from a prison in Tarnow to Auschwitz. Among them were soldiers of the September campaign, members ofunderground independence organizations, high school and university students, as well as a small group of Polish Jews. They were registered with nos. from 31 to 758. The podcast "On Auschwitz" presents fragments of testimonies of:- Kazimierz Albin, - Jan Baraś-Komski, - Zbigniew Bentkowski, - Włodzimierz Borkowski, - Edward Ferenc, - Adam Jurkiewicz, - Stanisław Maliński, - Eugeniusz Niedojadło, - Wiktor Pasikowski, - Tadeusz Pietrzykowski, - Bronisław Wajda, - Alfred Wilk - Stanisław Zyguła. ===== See also our online lesson about this topic:http://lekcja.auschwitz.org/en_17_deportacje/ ===== Voiceovers:Tom Vamos, Greg Littlefield, Grey Stanford, Mike Skagerlind, Michael Takiff, Toon Dressen

Block 10 at the Auschwitz I camp was the so-called experimental block. SS doctors conducted medical experiments there, including those focused on sterilization. Why was this particular block chosen for such experiments, who were the doctors working there, and what happened to their victims? These questions are explored by Teresa Wontor-Cichy from the Research Center of the Museum. Voiceover: Therese McLaughlin ===== On-line lesson about medical crimes at Auschwitz: http://lekcja.auschwitz.org/2022_medycyna_en/

The Auschwitz camp did not have a homogeneous character and was constantly changing during its operation. Dr Jacek Lachendro of the Auschwitz Museum Research Centre talks about what everyday life was like for Auschwitz prisoners, from the morning roll-call, through the hunger that accompanied them all the time, to working beyond their strength.  Voiceover:  Ian Manger, Tom Vamos If you find value in the "On Auschwitz" podcast, please consider subscribing on your favorite platform, leaving a rating to help others discover the podcast, and sharing it on social media. Your support makes a difference.

The Auschwitz Memorial covers nearly 200 hectares of land and includes about 300 ruins and 155 buildings, but also a huge number of historical objects, primary traces of Victims of Auschwitz: shoes, suitcases, brushes, or kitchen utensils. Nel Jastrzębiowska and Andrzej Jastrzębiowski from the Conservation Laboratories of the Auschwitz Museum explain how these priceless items are preserved and talk about the philosophy of conservation of the Memorial today.  ===== We wish to thank Kate Weinrieb, Greg Littlefield, and Mike Skagerlind, who recorded the voiceover for this podcast. If you find value in the "On Auschwitz" podcast, please consider subscribing on your favorite platform, leaving a rating to help others discover the podcast, and sharing it on social media. Your support makes a difference.

Holocaust denial is nothing more than a conspiracy theory built on lies and hatred. Although it resembles flat-Earth claims in its approach to facts, it is, in reality, a dangerous and vile vehicle for antisemitism and hatred. Deniers ignore or manipulate facts solely to attack the memory of the Victims. Dr. Piotr Setkiewicz and Dr. Igor Bartosik delve into the strategies employed by Holocaust deniers to spread misinformation and falsehoods about the history of Auschwitz.  --- We wish to thank Greg Littlefield, Mike Skagerlind, and Grey Stafford, who recorded the voiceover for this podcast.

Some 7,500 prisoners of the German Nazi camp Auschwitz, including over 500 children, were liberated on January 27, 1945 by Red Army soldiers. Listen about the last days of the camp's operation and the moment of liberation. The podcast includes testimonies of: Anna Tytoniak Kazimierz Smoleń Lea Shinar Irena Konieczna Józef Tabaczyński Wanda Błachowska-Tarasiewicz Louis Posner Jakub Wolman Zofia Jankowska-Palińska Anna Chomicz Zofia Lutomska-Kucharska Wanda Dramińska Edward Czempiel Jakub Gordon Andrzej Kozłowski Tadeusz Mleko Garnier (first name unknown) Alfred Fiderkiewicz Aleksander Vorontsov Wilhelm Wazdrąg  ===== (English voiceovers: Mary Castillo, Toon Dreessen, Greg Littlefield, Ian Manger, Therese McLaughlin, Calum Melville, Mike Skagerlind, Grey Stafford, Michael Takiff, Tom Vamos, Kate Weinrieb, Sarah Weinstein Edwards).