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Can you keep breastfeeding and still work toward better sleep? Craig and Arielle talk with pediatrician and lactation consultant Dr. Lauren Hughes about newborn feeding, bottles, milk supply, and the difference between sleep training and night weaning. They also get into the advice that leaves parents feeling trapped: stretch every feed, never offer a bottle, assume every night waking means hunger. Key Takeaways Sleep training and night weaning are two separate decisions. Lauren sleep trained her twins at eight months and did not night wean them until eighteen — a baby can learn to fall asleep without help and still get every overnight feed they need.Six hours counts as sleeping through the night. It may not be the six hours you wanted — 8 p.m. to 2 a.m. qualifies — and reframing the target is sometimes the entire intervention.Milk storage capacity runs from roughly two to twelve ounces per breast and has nothing to do with breast size, which is why dropping a night feed is a non-event for one parent and tanks supply for another. How long you can go before engorgement is roughly your own ceiling, since engorgement is what tells the body to make less."Normal" is far wider than parents are told: in the newborn weeks three hours is a maximum, not a minimum — babies can eat sooner, and three hours is when you wake them. Breastfed babies average about 24 ounces in 24 hours, range 19 to 32.It isn't nipple confusion, it's flow preference — babies take the path of least resistance, so a fast bottle beats the work of the breast, and paced feeding is the fix. Offering a bottle once a week from about a month old heads off the refusal that surfaces the week daycare starts.The research on feeding method and sleep genuinely conflicts, and neither host picks a side. Under six months exclusively breastfed babies wake more often, though most studies find no difference in total sleep; after six months most find breastfed infants sleeping less — and much of the older literature simply asked parents, whereas Rudzik's actigraphy study found no difference in measured sleep even as formula-feeding mothers reported more.Links Studies, articles & posts Infant sleep reports versus actigraphy by feeding method — Rudzik, Robinson-Smith & Ball, 2018Milk feeding, complementary foods, and infant sleep: a systematic review — Fu et al., 2021Sleep-related infant deaths: updated recommendations — American Academy of Pediatrics, 2022How to keep your sleeping baby safe — AAP parent guideBedsharing and breastfeeding: Protocol #6, 2019 revision — Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, published 2020; a different professional position from the AAPPeople & books mentioned Dr. Lauren Hughes — pediatrician and International Board Certified Lactation ConsultantDr. Hughes' newsletterBloom Pediatrics and Lactation — practice founded by Dr. HughesGet in touch & next steps Craig's free sleep training starter kitArielle's free 24-hour sleep guideFull medical disclaimerSubmit Listener Feedback and Questions Here (00:00) - Intro (00:23) - Meet Dr. Lauren Hughes (01:47) - Why a pediatrician became a lactation consultant (06:20) - When breastfeeding is harder than expected (06:58) - Crying, sleep training, and parents' goals (12:23) - What normal newborn feeding looks like (16:18) - The pressure to follow a strict feeding schedule (20:25) - Finding a rhythm with older infants (24:03) - How partners can support breastfeeding (25:58) - Taking shifts overnight (27:46) - Pacifiers, bottles, and flow preference (30:44) - Bottle refusal and going back to work (31:41) - Whether formula-fed babies really sleep longer (35:05) - What dropping a night feed does to supply (38:48) - Under six months versus over six months (40:18) - How many ounces a baby actually needs (44:22) - Can breastfeeding and sleep training coexist (46:37) - Six hours counts as sleeping through the night (48:23) - Room-sharing, bedsharing, and the AAP (50:43) - Why parents hide bedsharing from their pediatrician (55:14) - What the AAP actually recommends (56:31) - Rapid-fire feeding and sleep myths (57:59) - Lauren's sleep hack and confession (59:02) - You're not doing it wrong (59:43) - Where to find Dr. Lauren Hughes

Tips for Infants, Toddlers, and Teens In this episode of the Sleep Edit podcast, hosts Dr. Craig Canapari and Arielle Greenleaf provide evidence-based tips and strategies to help parents manage their children's sleep during the summer and back-to-school transitions. They discuss common issues such as later bedtimes, disrupted routines, increased screen time, and the impact of travel on sleep patterns. Chapters 00:00 Introduction and Disclaimer01:09 Meet the Hosts01:24 Summer Sleep Challenges03:55 Pandemic Sleep Patterns05:08 Structured Days Hypothesis07:57 Managing Heat and Sleep09:58 Travel and Sleep Tips for Infants and Toddlers16:06 Vacation Sleep Realities19:47 School-Age Sleep Strategies20:50 Replicating Schedules for Special Needs Children21:47 Bedtime Recommendations for Different Age Groups23:07 Managing Screen Time During Summer24:01 The Benefits of Summer Camps and Jobs24:49 Camping as a Sleep Reset Tool26:41 Traveling to Adjust Sleep Schedules27:25 General Summer Sleep Tips for Parents32:23 Adjusting Teen Sleep Schedules Before School Starts37:38 Final Thoughts and Contact InformationLinks The Structured Days hypothesisStudy of 9-15 year olds showed that later shift was associated with poorer dietary choicesResources (slides and references) from Dr. Canapari's talk on Covid-19 and sleepThe Forbidden Zone and what it means for putting your kid downVacation "sleep": How to get shuteye when on the moveDr. Canapari's article on summer sleep and back to schoolCamping as a way to reset sleep schedulesGet in touch & next steps Craig's sleep training starter kitArielle's free 24-hour sleep guideFull medical disclaimer Submit Listener Feedback and Questions Here (00:00) - Intro (01:09) - Meet the hosts (01:24) - Summer sleep challenges (03:55) - Pandemic sleep patterns (05:08) - Structured days hypothesis (07:57) - Managing heat and sleep (09:58) - Travel and sleep tips for infants and toddlers (16:06) - Vacation sleep realities (19:47) - School-age sleep strategies (20:50) - Replicating schedules for special needs children (21:47) - Bedtime recommendations for different age groups (23:07) - Managing screen time during summer (24:01) - The benefits of summer camps and jobs (24:49) - Camping as a sleep reset tool (26:41) - Traveling to adjust sleep schedules (27:25) - General summer sleep tips for parents (32:23) - Adjusting teen sleep schedules before school starts (37:38) - Final thoughts and contact information

Your child's cortisol is not a problem you need to manage — and most of the scary sleep advice that says otherwise is built on a misreading of the science. Craig and Arielle take on the claims that spread fastest online and hold up worst: the "overtired baby floods with cortisol" story, rigid wake windows, the 3-6-9 rule and the Wonder Weeks, magnesium lotions, melatonin as a quick fix, and the "biologically correct" 7 p.m. bedtime. It's an episode about why simple, absolute rules go viral while real answers — nuanced, and dependent on your actual child — do not. They close on the hardest question a tired parent faces: in an unregulated field full of confident strangers, how do you tell a trustworthy sleep expert from a good marketer? Key Takeaways The "overtired child floods with cortisol and can't sleep" claim gets the science backwards. Poor sleep can nudge cortisol up, but cortisol is a marker of inadequate sleep, not its cause — and it is not something parents need to manage at home.The Middlemiss (2012) study used to argue that sleep training is harmful had no control group and studied infants in an unfamiliar inpatient setting, nothing like sleep training at home. Better-controlled work, including Gradisar's randomized trial, found infant cortisol did not rise after sleep training. A few hard nights are brief, harmless stress — not the chronic toxic stress that genuinely affects development.Wake windows describe something real — sleep drive builds the longer a child is awake — but the rigid, age-based formulas online are not research-based. Watch the child in front of you and their 24-hour sleep totals, not a chart. "Average" sleep needs span wide ranges and were never meant as individual targets.Magnesium lotions have no evidence they do anything; melatonin is a hormone, not a routine fix for healthy children, and should follow behavioral changes and a conversation with your pediatrician. Melatonin is now the most common substance U.S. children accidentally ingest — store it like medication.For most children before puberty, a bedtime roughly between 7:30 and 8:30 works well; an artificially early bedtime mostly manufactures bedtime battles. And the pediatrician is the first stop for sleep questions — "evidence-based" has become a marketing phrase, so ask any consultant how they actually make decisions.Links Studies & research Middlemiss et al. (2012), Early Human Development — the cortisol/extinction study commonly cited against sleep training. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.08.010Gradisar et al. (2016), Pediatrics — randomized controlled trial; infant cortisol did not rise after graduated extinction or bedtime fading. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-1486Tuladhar et al. (2021), Journal of Sleep Research — infant diurnal cortisol and sleep. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13357Earlier bedtimes and child sleep — systematic review of 45 studies, JAMA Pediatrics. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2795862Pediatric Melatonin Ingestions, United States, 2012–2021 — CDC MMWR. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7122a1.htmIglowstein I, Jenni OG, Molinari L, Largo RH. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics. 2003 Feb;111(2):302-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.111.2.302. PMID: 12563055.Further reading on cortisol, sleep training, attachment, and online misinformation: Bilgin & Wolke (2020), Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry — "cry it out" and attachment/behavioral development at 18 months. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13223Davis & Kramer (2021), Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry — commentary on Bilgin & Wolke (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13390Spangler & Grossmann (1993), Child Development — biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02962.xRamos et al. (2025), Scientific Reports — mother-infant cortisol levels and maternal childhood adversity. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28548-8Immeli, Douglas & Kolho (2026), Acta Paediatrica — misinformation and the medicalisation of infant health care in the social media era. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.70468"Guided by Routine and Nurturance: How Parent Characteristics Shape Online Infant Health Information Seeking" — PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622498/Craig's articles Should My Child Take Melatonin? A Guide for Parents — https://drcraigcanapari.com/should-my-child-take-melatonin-a-guide-for-parents/Melatonin Overdoses Are on the Rise: Why Parents Should Worry — https://drcraigcanapari.com/melatonin-overdoses-are-on-the-rise-why-parents-should-worry/Should You Give Your Child L-Theanine for Sleep? — https://drcraigcanapari.com/should-you-give-your-child-l-theanine-for-sleep/Resources & past episodes mentioned The Sleep Edit, Episode 12: Melatonin and Magnesium, Oh My — https://sleepedit.show/episodes/episode-12-melatonin-and-magnesium-oh-myBBC News — undercover investigation into dangerous baby sleep advice (2026) — https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce84e1vn1l2oHuckleberry — sleep-tracking app; provides 7-, 14-, 30-, and 90-day sleep averages Get in touch & next steps Craig's free sleep training starter kit: https://drcraigcanapari.com/sleep-training-starter-kit/Arielle's free 24-hour sleep guide: https://expect-to-sleep.kit.com/24hrsleepFull medical disclaimer: https://sleepedit.show/disclaimerSubmit Listener Feedback and Questions Here (00:00) - Intro (00:27) - What counts as bad online sleep advice (00:56) - Why simple advice beats nuance online (03:24) - Cortisol and overtiredness: what cortisol actually is (05:43) - Sleep training and the Middlemiss cortisol study (11:52) - Is "overtired" even a medical term? (14:42) - Overtired is a nuisance, not a danger (16:24) - When wake-window fear takes over (19:01) - Cortisol is a symptom, not a cause (20:23) - Why you can stop tracking your child's cortisol (23:53) - Abs...

We opened the mailbag. Craig and Arielle grouped dozens of listener questions by theme and worked through them — covering infant sleep and the SNOO, night wakings that seem to defy logic, 4 AM toddler wake-ups, bedtime resistance, a 5-year-old with "bad dreams" that aren't actually scary, daycare nap chaos, and a rapid-fire round on floor beds, crib-to-bed transitions, and whether you have to sleep train at all. Some of it is practical, some is reassuring, and a few answers hinge on the difference between a behavior problem and a medical one. Key Takeaways Safe sleep comes first. In the first six months especially: flat, firm surface; room-share without bed-share; no soft bedding. If an infant genuinely can't tolerate lying flat, that's a pediatrician conversation, not a sleep-training one.When night wakings look random on the "same" schedule, average total sleep over seven days. Clock-time schedules can hide big variation in actual sleep amounts — and total sleep is what the child's body is optimizing against.A pattern of 4–5 hours of solid sleep followed by wakings every 2–3 hours almost always points to a sleep-onset association. If your child falls asleep with you present, they tend to need you present to transition between each subsequent sleep cycle.The right order for night weaning, room transition, and sleep training: get the baby into their own sleep space first, then address feeding, then sleep train. Don't layer sleep training on an unresolved feeding problem, and don't put an infant on a floor bed.A toddler whose sleep is consistently wrecked by mild congestion deserves a look for obstructive sleep apnea — especially if they snore when well. Benadryl only "works" because it sedates; it doesn't dry up viral secretions, and OTC cough/cold products aren't recommended under 6.You don't have to sleep train. If your child and household are sleeping well enough, there's nothing to fix. Sleep training is a tool for when someone in the house is suffering — not a milestone to hit.Links Studies, articles & posts Is Room Sharing in Infancy Necessary for Safe Sleep in 2024? – Dr. CanapariCo-Sleeping in Infancy: Bed-Sharing Is Not Safe – Dr. CanapariSleep-onset associations: toddler night wakings and how to fix them – Dr. CanapariWhy does my toddler wake up at night? – Dr. CanapariToddler early morning awakenings: what to do about them – Dr. CanapariIs your toddler screaming at bedtime? A concrete plan for bedtime resistance – Dr. CanapariNapping problems in toddlers and preschoolers – Dr. CanapariWhat to do about nap strikes – Dr. CanapariThe bedtime pass: a great technique for older kids – Dr. CanapariHuggy Puppy: my favorite treatment for nighttime fears – Dr. CanapariHow to stop co-sleeping so you and your child can sleep better – Dr. CanapariSleep training in a coughing child – Dr. CanapariObstructive sleep apnea in children – Dr. CanapariAAP safe sleep recommendations (2022 update) — room sharing without bed sharing, flat firm surface, no soft bedding, ideally through the first 6–12 monthsStudy showing benefits of outdoor play for sleep in Japanese Toddlers Murata E, Yoshizaki A, Fujisawa TX, Tachibana M, Taniike M, Mohri I. What daily factors affect the sleep habits of Japanese toddlers? J Clin Sleep Med. 2023 Jun 1;19(6):1089-1101. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10508. PMID: 36789883; PMCID: PMC10235708.People & books mentioned Become Your Child's Sleep Coach: The Bedtime Doctor's 5-Step Guide, Ages 3-10 – Lynelle Schneeberg PsyDThe Happiest Baby on the Block – Harvey Karp MDGet in touch & next steps Arielle's free 24-hour sleep guide: https://expect-to-sleep.kit.com/24hrsleepSubmit Listener Feedback and Questions Here (00:00) - Intro (01:23) - Safe sleep and the 5-month-old who "can't" lie flat (05:10) - Julie — SNOO weaning and feeding-to-sleep (08:27) - Kira — 4-month-old bassinet refusal (10:41) - Hannah — can you skip the schedule and just follow sleep cues? (13:15) - Michaela — one good night, three bad, same schedule (15:55) - BD — 4–5 hours of sleep, then wakings every 2–3 hours (17:56) - Megan — 8-month-old nursing to soothe, no solids (21:31) - Simona — night weaning, room transition, sleep training — what order? (24:26) - Tyler — 2.5-year-old tantruming at 4–5 AM (26:54) - Arman — 7-month-old, dream feeds, 4–5 AM wakings (29:16) - Kay — 30-month-old who naps easily but fights bedtime (33:28) - Jason — 5-year-old's "bad dreams" that don't scare him (35:24) - Betty — daycare 30-minute naps and the 8:30 PM bedtime (38:43) - Anna — co-sleeping a 9-month-old with frequent illness (41:47) - Lauren — snow globe as a "calm toy" at bedtime (43:41) - Karen — toddler sleep with a cold, nasal sprays, and ENT (45:45) - Sonia's rapid fire begins (46:18) - Crib-to-bed transition and floor beds (47:31) - Pros and cons of not sleep training (48:34) - SNOO vs. a traditional bassinet (51:15) - The 2-year-old who won't stay in his own bed (54:43) - Outdoor naps at Patagonia HQ daycare (56:10) - Wrap-up

Episode 17 – Show Notes Our Sleep Routines in 2026 | The Sleep Edit Craig and Arielle take a turn in the hot seat this week — sharing their own sleep habits, gear, and personal struggles. From frigid bedrooms and weighted blankets to trazodone, magnesium, and light therapy glasses, this episode is part confessional, part practical guide. They also dig into CBT-I for insomnia, the phenomenon of orthosomnia (when sleep tracking makes your sleep worse), what melatonin actually does at a low dose, and how to think about supplements when the evidence is thin but the risk is low. Timestamps 4:23 — Our personal sleep histories6:36 — Restless leg syndrome & childhood sleep anxiety8:50 — Psychophysiologic insomnia & CBT-I explained11:00 — Bedtime boxes & stimulus control for kids12:50 — Sleep tracking: Oura Ring vs. Apple Watch16:20 — Orthosomnia — when tracking makes sleep worse18:32 — How your tracker score affects how you feel the next day19:00 — Sleep environment: cold rooms, darkness, white noise22:52 — Sleep masks, weighted blankets (Bearaby), and pillows27:00 — Light-up alarm clocks (Philips, Hatch)29:00 — AYO light therapy glasses & circadian entrainment32:00 — Nighttime routines: DND, showers, reading34:40 — Why a hot shower helps you sleep (the science)36:00 — Craig's meditation practice & pre-bed habits39:20 — Arielle's history with insomnia & trazodone41:10 — What sleep medications actually do (and don't do)44:17 — Magnesium glycinate — the evidence47:35 — L-theanine — even less evidence, still worth trying?48:11 — Melatonin: Craig's 1mg dose & the heart failure study52:00 — How we're actually sleeping in 2026Key Takeaways Both hosts have struggled with sleep throughout their lives — and that's part of why they do this work.Sleep anxiety in children (and adults) responds well to CBT-I; the behavioral components are often more important than the cognitive ones.Sleep trackers are best used to observe trends, not to optimize nightly metrics. Fixating on scores can cause orthosomnia — anxiety that worsens the very sleep it's supposed to measure.A cold bedroom (ideally 60–67°F), darkness, and quiet are the most evidence-based environmental changes you can make.A warm shower or bath before bed works by triggering a drop in core body temperature — the direction of change matters, not just the temperature itself.Magnesium glycinate and L-theanine have limited but plausible supporting data; more importantly, they're safe at typical doses. Use third-party tested brands.Melatonin is a hormone — more is not better. Craig uses 1mg. A 2024 conference abstract linking long-term melatonin use to heart failure has significant methodological limitations, was not peer-reviewed, and is not cause for alarm at low doses in otherwise healthy adults.Trazodone is a reasonable long-term option for some people with chronic insomnia. It's not habit-forming, increases slow-wave sleep, and has a stable side-effect profile — but it's still a tool, not a substitute for good sleep habits. Note: AYO glasses recommend a 20-minute morning session (not 10 minutes as mentioned in the episode).Links Craig's gear & supplements AYO Light Therapy GlassesBearaby Weighted BlanketOura RingMagnesium Glycinate 500mgNature's Trove L-TheanineMelatonin 1mgConsumerLab.com — third-party supplement testing (subscription ~$60/yr)Craig's posts & calculators Magnesium for Kids' Sleep – Dr. CanapariMelatonin & Heart Failure Study – Dr. CanapariMelatonin Dosing Calculator for Children – Dr. CanapariClinicians & resources mentioned Dr. Shelby Harris – CBT-I specialistDr. Lynelle Schneeberg – Become Your Child's Sleep Coach: The Bedtime Doctor's 5-Step Guide, Ages 3–10Book on AmazonOrthosomnia – original paper by Dr. Kelly Baron (J Clin Sleep Med, 2017)CBT-I Coach App (VA) — free, useful for teens 12+ and adultsArielle's website & resources Expect to SleepFree 24-Hour Sleep Guide (Arielle)Contact Listener questions: [email protected]

Holidays can be a time of joy, family, and fun—but they can also throw a wrench into your child’s sleep routine. Whether it’s late-night celebrations, travel to visit relatives, or adjusting to time zone changes, holiday sleep disruptions are a challenge for many parents. But don’t worry—we’ve got you covered. In this episode of The Sleep Edit, we cover practical strategies for navigating holiday sleep challenges for children of all ages. From tips for maintaining flexibility while traveling, to handling sugar-fueled energy spikes and keeping routines intact, this conversation is packed with actionable advice to help your family enjoy the season while staying (relatively) well-rested. They’ll even share some pro tips, like the ultimate New Year’s Eve bedtime trick you won’t want to miss. Remember: holiday sleep doesn’t have to be perfect—it just has to work for you and your family. So, give yourself some grace, enjoy the cookies, and focus on the quality of your time together. Links Dr. Canapari's guide to Vacation "Sleep"Canapari's guide "Holiday Travel Sleep Guide: Real Parents, Real Questions, Real Solutions"Arielle's guide: "How to enjoy your holidays and protect your child's sleep" Studies on sugar consumption and sleep Study of 287 children ages 8-12 showing no association between sugar and sleep or behavioral changeStudy of 2600 children aged 6-12 showing that more sugar consumption was associated with decreased sleep durationMetanalysis of studies of young children 0-5 showing worse diet and higher sugar intake were associated with lower sleep qualityTimestamps 00:00 Introduction and Disclaimer01:13 Navigating Holiday Sleep Challenges03:18 Travel Tips for Parents06:04 Managing Sleep in Different Environments13:30 Handling Naps and Bedtime During Holidays22:19 Dealing with Food and Sugar28:50 Final Tips and Holiday Wishes30:53 Conclusion and ResourcesConnect with Us! Send us an email about questions, feedback, or ideas for future topics.

Welcome to The Sleep Edit, the podcast that helps tired kids and parents sleep better. Each week, Dr. Craig Canapari and sleep consultant Arielle Greenleaf break down evidence-based strategies you can actually use. Why are nap transitions so confusing—and why do they so often derail nights? In Part 2 of our napping series, Craig and Arielle dig into the real-world challenges families face when moving from 3→2 naps, 2→1 nap, and eventually dropping naps entirely. Using concrete examples, sleep-need math, and practical troubleshooting, this episode explains exactly what to look for and how to navigate every transition with less stress. You’ll learn • How to know when it’s time to drop a nap • The signs of a nap transition vs. a temporary “nap strike” • Why total 24-hour sleep matters more than wake-window charts • What typical daytime sleep looks like for infants and toddlers • The sleep math behind transitions (high vs. low sleep-need kids) • How daycare schedules can derail naps—and what parents can control • Strategies for capping naps, shifting schedules, and preventing bedtime battles • When early morning awakenings actually signal too much daytime sleep Chapters 00:00:01 — Welcome & Episode Setup00:01:07 — The 3→2 Nap Transition: When It Starts00:02:48 — Biology of Sleep Drive & Late Naps00:03:43 — Why Late Bedtimes Are So Common Now00:04:59 — How Total Sleep Needs Shape Nap Schedules00:06:32 — Wake Windows vs. Real Sleep Need00:07:52 — Consolidated Naps & Nap Length Targets00:09:41 — How to Use the Third Nap as a Bridge00:11:06 — Example: Designing a 13.5-hour Sleep Day00:12:59 — Signs It’s Time to Drop From 3→2 Naps00:14:45 — Why Transitions Are Messy (and Normal)00:15:56 — The 2→1 Nap Transition: Age & Signs00:17:46 — Developmental Milestones That Disrupt Naps00:19:06 — Case Example: Drew (13 Months)00:20:57 — How to Start the 2→1 Transition Step-by-Step00:22:54 — Shifting Nap Timing & Early Bedtime Strategy00:23:56 — Tracking Sleep: Apps vs. Diaries00:24:53 — Why Smart Monitors Often Mislead Parents00:26:50 — When Nights Get Worse Because of Nap Issues00:27:59 — The 1→0 Transition: What Truly Signals Readiness00:29:18 — Daycare Nap Challenges & Parent Options00:31:56 — Capping Naps to Protect Nighttime Sleep00:33:30 — Nap Strikes vs. True Transitions00:36:06 — Early Morning Awakenings & Too Much Day Sleep00:38:30 — Final Thoughts & The Greenleaf WindowsLinks Napping spectacular episode 1CIO episode of the Sleep EditDr. Canapari’s article on Le Pause Sleep trainingPeriod of purple cryingDr. Canapari's article on nappingDr. Canapari's article on sleep needs in childrenDr. Canapari articles on the science of why children stop nappingArielle's websiteReferences Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., Malow, B. A., Maski, K., Nichols, C., Quan, S. F., Rosen, C. L., Troester, M. M., & Wise, M. S. (2016). Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: methodology and discussion. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(11), 1549–1561. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6288Spencer, R. M. C., & Riggins, T. (2022). Contributions of memory and brain development to the bioregulation of naps and nap transitions in early childhood. PNAS, 119(11), e2114326119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114326119Staton, S., et al. (2020). Many naps, one nap, none: A systematic review and meta-analysis of napping patterns in children 0–12 years. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 50, 101247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101247Galland, B. C., Taylor, B. J., Elder, D. E., & Herbison, P. (2012). Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: A systematic review of observational studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.06.001Horváth, K. (2018). Spotlight on daytime napping during early childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01238Wolke, D., Bilgin, A., & Samara, M. (2017). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Fussing and crying durations and prevalence of colic in infants. The Journal of Pediatrics, 185, 55–61.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.02.020Lavner, J. A., et al. (2023). Sleep SAAF randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 6(3), e236276. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6276Paul, I. M., et al. (2016). INSIGHT Responsive Parenting Intervention and Infant Sleep. Pediatrics, 138(1), e20160762. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0762

Why do some toddlers nap like champs while others refuse entirely? In Part 1 of our Napping Spectacular, Craig and Arielle unpack what the science says about total sleep needs, how nap patterns change across infancy and early childhood, and the very real “art” of troubleshooting naps at home. We cover when to drop naps, how brain development (especially the hippocampus) affects nap transitions, what to do about short naps, and how to keep daytime sleep from stealing restorative overnight sleep. We also talk through safe approaches to contact naps and why it’s normal for newborns to have unpredictable naps and periods of crying. Key takeaways Think in 24 hours: aim to balance daytime sleep with restorative overnight sleep.AASM consensus ranges: infants 4–12 mo (12–16 h), toddlers 1–2 y (11–14 h), preschoolers 3–5 y (10–13 h), school-age 6–12 y (9–12 h), teens 13–18 y (8–10 h).Nap transitions are tied to brain maturity; as memory systems develop, many preschoolers naturally nap less.Typical goals for many infants: at least two naps of ~1 hour each and ~10 hours overnight (individual needs vary).Independent sleep skills are the linchpin for extending naps beyond a single 30–45 minute sleep cycle.Watch sleepy cues, but remember boredom can masquerade as tiredness in older infants.Contact napping can be soothing, but it’s risky if the caregiver is truly exhausted—prioritize safe sleep.Newborn naps are erratic; you can practice gentle routines, but you can’t “schedule” a newborn.Consistency across naps and nights helps babies learn faster than a mix-and-match approach.Links Napping spectacular part 2CIO episode of the Sleep EditDr. Canapari’s article on Le Pause Sleep trainingPeriod of purple cryingDr. Canapari's article on nappingDr. Canapari's article on sleep needs in childrenDr. Canapari articles on the science of why children stop nappingArielle's websiteChapters 00:00 Intro and disclaimer01:10 Why naps feel harder than nights; personal stories03:00 What parents often misunderstand about naps04:00 How much sleep kids need (AASM consensus)06:00 Why naps matter for mood and learning06:40 Brain development and nap transitions (hippocampus)07:00 Average nap duration by age; variability is normal09:10 How many naps per day; typical progression through early childhood12:00 Galland review; why transitions are tricky in real life14:00 The “art” of troubleshooting naps15:00 Naps vs. nights: balance the 24-hour total18:00 Targets for infants; prioritizing overnight sleep22:00 High vs. low sleep-need babies23:00 Nap routines vs. bedtime routines; wind-down for toddlers25:00 How to get longer naps: schedule fit and independent sleep27:00 Evidence-based infant sleep tips (INSIGHT and SAAF principles)29:00 Reading sleep cues without getting trapped by rigid schedules30:30 Overtiredness vs. boredom; case example34:00 Can you sleep-train for naps but not nights? Why consistency wins36:00 Typical nap times by age; capping late naps39:00 Newborn nap reality check40:00 Contact napping and safety42:00 Period of PURPLE Crying and parental stress45:30 Wrap-up and preview of Part 2References  Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, et al. Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: methodology and discussion. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2016;12(11):1549-1561.Spencer RMC, Riggins T. Contributions of memory and brain development to the bioregulation of naps and nap transitions in early childhood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2022;119(11):e2114326119.Staton S, et al. Many naps, one nap, none: A systematic review and meta-analysis of napping patterns in children 0–12 years. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2020;50:101247.Galland BC, Taylor BJ, Elder DE, Herbison P. Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: A systematic review of observational studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2012;16(3):213-222.Horváth K. Spotlight on daytime napping during early childhood. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018;9:1238.Wolke D, Bilgin A, Samara M. Fussing and crying durations and prevalence of colic in infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2017;185:55-61.e4.Lavner JA, Hohman EE, Beach SRH, Stansfield BK, Savage JS. Effects of a responsive parenting intervention among Black families on infant sleep: Secondary analysis of the Sleep SAAF randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open. 2023;6(3):e236276.Paul IM, Savage JS, Anzman-Frasca S, Marini ME, Mindell JA, Birch LL. INSIGHT Responsive Parenting Intervention and infant sleep. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):e20160762.Contact Listener questions: [email protected]

Tips for Infants, Toddlers, and Teens In this episode of the Sleep Edit podcast, hosts Dr. Craig Canapari and Arielle Greenleaf provide evidence-based tips and strategies to help parents manage their children's sleep during the summer and back-to-school transitions. They discuss common issues such as later bedtimes, disrupted routines, increased screen time, and the impact of travel on sleep patterns.  00:00 Introduction and Disclaimer 01:09 Meet the Hosts 01:24 Summer Sleep Challenges 03:55 Pandemic Sleep Patterns 05:08 Structured Days Hypothesis 07:57 Managing Heat and Sleep 09:58 Travel and Sleep Tips for Infants and Toddlers 16:06 Vacation Sleep Realities 19:47 School-Age Sleep Strategies 20:50 Replicating Schedules for Special Needs Children 21:47 Bedtime Recommendations for Different Age Groups 23:07 Managing Screen Time During Summer 24:01 The Benefits of Summer Camps and Jobs 24:49 Camping as a Sleep Reset Tool 26:41 Traveling to Adjust Sleep Schedules 27:25 General Summer Sleep Tips for Parents 32:23 Adjusting Teen Sleep Schedules Before School Starts 37:38 Final Thoughts and Contact InformationLinks The Structured Days hypothesis Study of 9-15 year olds showed that later shift was associated with poorer dietary cohoices Resources (slides and references) from Dr. Canapari’s talk on Covid-19 and sleep The Forbidden Zone and what it means for putting your kid down Vacation “sleep”: How to get shuteye when on the move Dr. Canapari’s article on summer sleep and back to school Camping as a way to reset sleep schedules

This episode of The Sleep Edit is all about you—our listeners. We’re tackling the most common (and frustrating) pediatric sleep challenges straight from your inbox: What to do when your toddler suddenly won’t napHow to handle a preschooler who wakes five times a nightWhen to push bedtime later—and when not toStrategies for night weaning, managing anxiety, and fixing early morning wake-upsPlus: Why our parents swear we were “better sleepers” back in the ’80s and ’90sWhether you’re a parent in the trenches or a sleep consultant supporting families, this episode is packed with actionable insights and real-world context. ⏱️  Chapters & Timestamps 00:00 — Welcome & Disclaimer 01:55 — How Long Should a One-Nap Schedule Last? A parent asks how long to let a toddler nap after transitioning to one nap—without disrupting night sleep. 04:24 — Does Your Toddler Need a Later Bedtime? Signs that bedtime might be too early and what research says about optimal timing. 07:15 — Arielle’s Take on 24-Hour Sleep A fellow consultant asks Arielle how she explains this foundational concept. 10:32 — What Is 24-Hour Sleep Anyway? A parent wants to understand how to think about total daily sleep needs. 12:59 — Easiest Way to Night Wean a Toddler Strategies for toddlers waking twice a night for milk. 16:05 — Why Were 80s Babies “Better Sleepers”? Craig answers a fun cultural question: Have parenting expectations changed—or is it selective memory? 21:18 — 4-Year-Old Suddenly Waking All Night (Tried Everything) Becky shares a sleep regression story after months of solid sleep and multiple failed interventions. 26:45 — 2-Year-Old Needs Touch to Fall Asleep, Progressive Breaks Failing Charlotte asks whether this method is right for her daughter after meltdowns. 32:17 — 7-Year-Old with Bedtime Anxiety & Nightmares A parent shares a common dilemma: supporting an anxious child without becoming a permanent bedtime fixture. 39:12 — 5-Year-Old Calls Out But Stays in Bed Carys from the UK wonders how to manage frequent call-outs from a child who does fall asleep independently. 44:06 — Toddler Wakes at 5 a.m.—Can We Shift Later? Anjo asks how to extend a solid 7–5 schedule without creating new problems. 46:50 — Sibling Sleep Chaos: Two Kids, Two Problems Pat shares a double trouble scenario: one kid waking for milk, another up too early and waking the house. 51:03 — Nap Refusal at Home, But Not Daycare Morgan asks how to handle nap refusal at home after major life changes (new baby, new daycare). 55:10 — Final Thoughts & Wrap-Up Links Arielle’s new website : Expect to Sleep Again Arielle on Instagram: @expecttosleepagain Research links: Metanalysis showing that earlier bedtimes led to more sleep  Small study of infants showing sleep extension with earlier bedtimes Dr. Canapari’s articles: Do Wake Windows Help Babies and Kids Nap Better? How to Stop Night Feedings Huggy puppy intervention for night time fears Early morning awakenings: What to do about them Bedtime pass for middle of the night awakening Accommodations and anxiety Progressive breaks sleep training method Camping out method sleep training

In this episode of 'The Sleep Edit', we dig into the topic of sleep supplements for children, specifically focusing on melatonin and magnesium. Melatonin and magnesium (and "calm" and "sleep" gummies in general) have become very popular among tired parents, but what is the actual evidence for these supplements? Are they safe? What do parents need to know? Timestamps 00:00 Introduction and Disclaimer 01:09 Welcome Back to the Sleep Edit 01:21 Melatonin and Magnesium: The Two Big Ms 04:24 Understanding Melatonin 06:14 Melatonin's Effects and Usage 09:45 Melatonin for Children: Considerations and Concerns 21:16 Dosing and Safety of Melatonin 28:15 Melatonin Concerns and Parental Thoughts 29:37 Safety and Alternatives to Melatonin 31:28 Introduction to Magnesium for Sleep 34:49 Magnesium's Role and Benefits 36:39 Challenges in Diagnosing Magnesium Deficiency 38:49 Magnesium Supplementation Studies 39:54 Magnesium for Children: Evidence and Recommendations 47:25 Magnesium Lotions and Creams: Fact or Fiction? 53:33 Final Thoughts and Practical Advice 55:44 Conclusion and Additional ResourcesLinks  Related Videos: 10 Things Parents Should Know About Melatonin Melatonin: The Effect of TimingYoutube link if you want to see the graphics Related Articles by Dr. Canapari: Melatonin for Children: A Guide for ParentsA simple melatonin dosing calculator for selecting the correct dose for your child.  Melatonin Overdoses Are on the Rise: What Parents Should Know Magnesium for Kids’ Sleep: Does It Really Work?The evidence against magnesium sprays and lotions Scientific Studies & Resources: Pickering et al. (2020) – Magnesium Status and Stress: The Vicious Circle Concept Revisited → https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123672 Workinger et al. (2018) – Challenges in the Diagnosis of Magnesium Status → https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091202 NIH Magnesium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals

Holidays can be a time of joy, family, and fun—but they can also throw a wrench into your child’s sleep routine. Whether it’s late-night celebrations, travel to visit relatives, or adjusting to time zone changes, holiday sleep disruptions are a challenge for many parents. But don’t worry—we’ve got you covered. In this episode of The Sleep Edit, Arielle Greenleaf and Dr. Craig Canapari discuss practical strategies for navigating holiday sleep challenges for children of all ages. From tips for maintaining flexibility while traveling, to handling sugar-fueled energy spikes and keeping routines intact, this conversation is packed with actionable advice to help your family enjoy the season while staying (relatively) well-rested. They’ll even share some pro tips, like the ultimate New Year’s Eve bedtime trick you won’t want to miss. Remember: holiday sleep doesn’t have to be perfect—it just has to work for you and your family. So, give yourself some grace, enjoy the cookies, and focus on the quality of your time together. Links Dr. Canapari's guide to Vacation "Sleep"Canapari's guide "Holiday Travel Sleep Guide: Real Parents, Real Questions, Real Solutions"Arielle's guide: "How to enjoy your holidays and protect your child's sleep" Studies on sugar consumption and sleep Study of 287 children ages 8-12 showing no association between sugar and sleep or behavioral changeStudy of 2600 children aged 6-12 showing that more sugar consumption was associated with decreased sleep durationMetanalysis of studies of young children 0-5 showing worse diet and higher sugar intake were associated with lower sleep qualityTimestamps 00:00 Introduction and Disclaimer01:13 Navigating Holiday Sleep Challenges03:18 Travel Tips for Parents06:04 Managing Sleep in Different Environments13:30 Handling Naps and Bedtime During Holidays22:19 Dealing with Food and Sugar28:50 Final Tips and Holiday Wishes30:53 Conclusion and ResourcesConnect with Us! Send us an email about questions, feedback, or ideas for future topics.

In this mailbag episode, Dr. Canapari and Arielle respond to listener questions covering infant sleep, early waking, transitioning from co-sleeping, travel disruptions, nighttime fears, sleep disorders, and more. From “first daylight savings” tips to strategies for toddlers with anxiety, each answer offers practical insights for a wide range of pediatric sleep challenges. Links Daylight savings time: Avoiding problems when Falling BackEarly morning awakenings: What to do about themHow to stop night feedingsHow to stop cosleepingChapters: [00:01:09] Intro [00:01:14] Infant Sleep Patterns and Challenges • [00:01:33] Lauren: When do babies start dreaming? • [00:03:00] Susan: Tips for differentiating between waking to feed and needing sleep in a 5-month-old? • [00:06:26] Andrea: How to sleep train at night when daycare sleep is limited? • [00:08:07] Chelsea: Avoiding early wakings for a sleep-trained 6.5-month-old. • [00:10:25] Kaitlin: Daylight savings time tips for a 7-month-old. • [00:14:37] Kayleigh: Breaking the cycle of middle-of-the-night babbling and crying in a 9-month-old. • [00:18:07] Francia: How to sleep train an 8-month-old. [00:19:30] Early Morning Waking and Sleep Regressions • [00:19:30] Brittany: How to handle nighttime wakings to maintain sleep progress. • [00:21:34] Chelsea: Troubleshooting early morning wakings for a sleep-trained 6.5-month-old. • [00:22:02] Hunter: Strategies for a 6- and 4-year-old who wake very early. • [00:23:00] Pauline: Addressing early waking for kids with ASD who take melatonin. [00:28:00] Co-Sleeping and Sleep Transitions • [00:28:00] Holly: Transitioning a 2-year-old from co-sleeping to independent sleeping. • [00:31:57] Ashley: Transitioning from co-sleeping with a 3-year-old for better parent comfort. • [00:34:34] Katy: Encouraging a 3-year-old to stay in her own bed at night. • [00:35:00] Kimberly: Addressing frequent night wakings and crying in a 3-year-old. • [00:40:00] Holly: How to get a 3-year-old to stop using a parent as part of their sleep routine. [00:42:20] Travel and Disruptions in Routine • [00:42:20] Abby: Helping a 10-month-old sleep better while traveling. [00:44:10] Nighttime Anxiety and Sleep Fears • [00:44:10] Andrea: Supporting a 4-year-old who is afraid to sleep alone. • [00:45:39] Stephanie: Determining when it’s necessary to help a 2-year-old fall back asleep. • [00:46:59] Lesley: Strategies for helping a 7-year-old grandchild stay asleep until morning. • [00:48:39] Dr. Ula: Assisting a 19-month-old who needs comfort to sleep through the night. [00:51:00] Sleep Disorders and Medical Concerns • [00:51:00] Sarah: Can REM Sleep Behavior Disorder lead to complex sleep actions like opening doors? • [00:52:53] Wenjing: Tips for transitioning a 7-month-old with reflux to crib sleep. [00:55:00] Sleep Training Questions • [00:55:00] Amelia, Juan, and Baby Tonio: Ending bedtime crying after sleep training.

In this episode of the Sleep Edit podcast, we welcome Dr. Shelby Harris, a leading expert in behavioral sleep medicine. Often, parents are struggling even after their kid's sleep problems are addressed. We talk about the common sleep challenges faced by parents focusing on the impact of stress, hormonal changes, and modern technology on sleep quality. Dr. Harris provides insights into the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia, emphasizing cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) and its effectiveness over medication for long-term improvement. The conversation also explores the practicalities of sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, and the influence of consumer sleep tracking technologies.  Links: Dr. Harris’ websiteDr. Harris' on InstagramThe Women's Guide to Overcoming Insomnia: Get a Good Night's Sleep Without Relying on Medication (affilate link)Room sharing recommendation in 2024Directory of providers at the Society of Behavioral Sleep MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania CBT-i Provider DirectoryOrthosomnia

In this episode of the Sleep Edit, Craig and Arielle are thrilled to welcome Dr. Sujay Kansagra of Duke University to discuss the weird and wonderful world of parasomnias, restless leg syndrome, and restless sleep disorder in children. Parasomnias include NREM parasomnias (sleep walking, hypnic jerks, night terrors) and REM parasomnias (sleep paralysis and nightmares). 00:00 Introduction and Disclaimer 01:09 Parenting Anecdotes and Guest Introduction 02:22 Journey into Medical Social Media 05:21 The Importance of Engaging Content 10:50 Understanding Parasomnias 15:25 Non-REM vs REM Parasomnias 24:26 Night Terrors and Sleepwalking 28:17 Fever Dreams and Sleep Disruptions 28:58 Genetic Predispositions and Sleep Studies 29:21 Scheduled Awakenings and Melatonin 30:23 Nightmares vs. Night Terrors 31:39 Sleepwalking Safety Tips 37:43 Understanding Restless Leg Syndrome 48:58 Restless Sleep Disorder 53:38 Final Thoughts and Parenting AdviceLinks Dr. Sujay Kansagra at Duke HealthSujay’s Instagram profile Sujay’s time zone video“I am the research”His excellent sleep bookThe rest of his linksNight terrors, sleep walking, and sleep talking in children by Dr. CanapariRestless leg syndrome in children by Dr. Canapari TranscriptAudio Sleep Edit 8 Sujay Kansagra[00:00:00] Arielle Greenleaf:[00:00:00] Welcome to the Sleep Edit, a podcast devoted to helping tired kids and parents sleep better. We focus on actionable evidence-based sleep advice, so everyone in your home can sleep through the night. Now, a quick disclaimer, this podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing, or other professional healthcare services, including the giving of medical advice.[00:00:27] Craig Canapari MD: No doctor patient relationship is formed. The use of this information and the materials linked to this podcast and any associated video content are at the user’s own risk. The content on the show is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Users should not disregard or delay obtaining medical help for any medical condition they have[00:00:53] or that their children may have, they should seek the assistance of their healthcare professionals for any such conditions. Nothing [00:01:00] stated here reflects the views of our employers or the employees of our guests. Enjoy the show.[00:01:09] Okay. I am just doing the very important[00:01:11] work of giving my 13-year-old more screen time on the Xbox, so he at least is not screaming during this.[00:01:18] Arielle Greenleaf: Oh yeah.[00:01:19] Sujay Kansagra: as I say, not as I do in the world of parenting.[00:01:22] Craig Canapari MD: So listen, let’s[00:01:23] get started from the top. welcome back to the sleep edit. I am Dr. Craig Canapari[00:01:28] Arielle Greenleaf: I’m Arielle Greenleaf.[00:01:30] Craig Canapari MD: it is my great pleasure to welcome my friend Dr. Sujay Kansagra on today.[00:01:35] He’s a pediatric sleep doctor and neurologist. He attended Duke for medical school, went to UNC for residency and fellowship, and made, a triumphant return to Duke afterwards.[00:01:44] Sujay Kansagra: Lost some friends during the transition, but yes.[00:01:47] Craig Canapari MD: I gotta tell you, man,[00:01:49] as a lifelong UConn basketball fan, I’ve got wild beef with Duke.[00:01:53] Sujay Kansagra: Yes. I can understand that. Listen, people ask me now, who do I support? ’cause UNC is where I started as an undergrad, and so the [00:02:00] basketball allegiance still lies there. But for medicine, I’d cheer for Duke.[00:02:03] Craig Canapari MD: I still remember UConn losing to Duke in 1990 the first time they made the tournament.[00:02:09] Sujay Kansagra: I remember UConn beating Duke in the finals. This was probably 1999, 2000. we were very excited at UNC for your win.[00:02:17] Craig Canapari MD: Oh yeah. And let me tell you that every time I’ve won a basketball pool, it’s because UNC has won..[00:02:21] Sujay Kansagra: Yes.[00:02:22] Craig Canapari MD: I just wanna talk a little bit about your online presence, because when did you start med school advice? ’cause that’s how you first came on my radar.[00:02:31] Sujay Kansagra: This is like the original back when, the day we called it Twitter.[00:02:35] I was still a resident. I was a child neurology resident and we were talking earlier, this was really the wild west of social media. Folks in medicine were just getting[00:02:44] their foot in the door and learning to navigate the social media[00:02:47] channels. And back then my goal was just to give, just advice because I grew up having an older[00:02:52] sister that went to medicine that helped guide me and I’m like a lot of people that don’t understand, what it takes to consider medicine, what a life in medicine [00:03:00] is.[00:03:00] So I started blogging in 2012 and I felt like at that point it was already too late, right? Because there were already like people out there who have been doing it since the early two thousands. I think Howard Luks was on from like the 1999 or something. when your pediatric sleep book came out and it’s great guys. You all should buy it. My Child Won’t Sleep. A quick guide to the sleep deprived parent. I’d been blogging for two or three years and I’m like, man, this guy wrote a book. I better up my game here.[00:03:27] Yeah. Who is this guy yeah, I mean that book, it’s funny ’cause I was doing a lot of the research behind it when I was a new father and I was also reading all the books that are out there just to get some background information what is Weissbluth saying what is Ferber saying? We knew the techniques, but what do you have in these 400 pages? And, part of me, when it came to the techniques I was screaming at the book just[00:03:48] tell me the technique. I already knew the technique, but I’m like, where is it? These are sleep deprived[00:03:52] parents, I’m like, just where’s your technique?[00:03:55] And that was the impetus behind the book. Just give it to them straight. Give it a step by step approach. And [00:04:00] it’s probably too slimmed down because unfortunately I glossed over a lot of the other issues like parasomnias and restless leg and sleep apnea. It’s just[00:04:07] behavioral insomnia approaches. Cognitive behavioral therapy approaches for older kids.[00:04:11] Delayed circadian rhythm stuff for older children as well. Just the core things that you can modify without needing a physician sometimes,[00:04:19] Arielle Greenleaf: I think That’s really valuable in just in what I do. Parents are just, there’s so...