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Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana Provide me your email to get notified for my upcoming book: https://subscribepage.io/N3KOMF PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana

Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana Provide me your email to get notified for my upcoming book: https://subscribepage.io/N3KOMF How did the Caliphate of Córdoba fall and fragment into dozens of taifa kingdoms? In Episode 50, I explain the decisive civil war that ended the political and military hegemony of al-Andalus. Among other things, I discuss the revolutionary atmosphere in Córdoba, the Castilian and Catalan expeditions, the siege and ruin of the capital, the formation of the underrated Hammudid Caliphate, and the consequences of the fragmentation of al-Andalus into some thirty states. TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 01:19 Historical Context of the Fitna 03:20 Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, the Destroyer of Almanzor's Legacy 05:47 The Revolution of Córdoba: The Coup d'État of Muhammad II al-Mahdi 10:24 Al-Mahdi's Loss of Support and the Anti-Berber Pogrom 13:44 The Berber-Castilian Coalition and the Fall of al-Mahdi 17:22 The Catalan Expedition to Córdoba of 1010 and the Battle of Guadiaro 22:25 The Siege of Córdoba, 1010–1013 27:40 Sulayman's Pyrrhic Victory and the Birth of the Taifas 29:06 The Hammudid Caliphate: Al-Andalus's Forgotten Caliphate 33:15 The Hammudid-Umayyad Disputes over Córdoba 38:11 The Expulsion of the Umayyads from Córdoba: The Abolition of the Caliphate and the End of the Fitna? 41:16 Causes and Consequences of the Fitna of the Caliphate of Córdoba 44:12 The Verdict: The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba Was Avoidable 45:23 Outro

Episode 49 explains the brief six-year rule of Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, son and successor of Almanzor. I discuss his military campaigns and the achievements and challenges of his rule between 1002 and 1008. His untimely death was the first step towards the destruction of the Caliphate of Córdoba and the end of Andalusi hegemony and Islam in the Iberian Peninsula. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:34 Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar's Rise to Power 03:29 Conspiracies Against al-Muzaffar 05:42 The Battle of Albesa and the Campaign of Montmagastre 09:40 The Battle of Torà: Al-Muzaffar's Defeat 13:17 Campaigns Against the Kingdom of León 16:17 The Campaign of Saint Martin 17:54 The Death of al-Muzaffar 20:02 The Verdict: An Assessment of al-Muzaffar's Rule 21:44 Outro

León, Barcelona, and Pamplona: no kingdom was safe from Almanzor's reach. In episode 48 you will discover how he forced kings to their knees and built a military machine that brought al-Andalus to its peak of power. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:37 Exploiting Christian Division: León, 981–985 03:59 The Barcelona Campaign of 985 08:20 Relentless Pressure on León, 986–995 12:15 The Submission of the Christian Kingdoms 14:50 Almanzor's Military Reform 19:36 The Subh Crisis of 996 24:23 The Santiago de Compostela Campaign of 997 27:47 The Battle of Cervera: When Almanzor Nearly Lost 31:21 Almanzor's Final Campaign and Death 33:28 The Verdict: The Legacy of Almanzor 35:13 Outro

Episode 47 explains the rise to power of Almanzor, the fearsome hajib who became the true ruler of al-Andalus, replacing the Umayyads. I explain how he eliminated various political rivals, what circumstances allowed the usurpation of Umayyad power, and how the Amirid dynasty of Almanzor and his sons was legitimized. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:45 Almanzor Before His Seizure of Power 03:34 The Decision That Doomed a Dynasty 05:48 The Enthronement of Hisham II of Córdoba 09:51 Almanzor Against al-Mushafi 12:46 The Legitimization of the Amirid Dynasty 18:47 Almanzor Against Ghalib 24:03 The Verdict: An Alternative Succession to al-Hakam II 24:46 Outro

In episode 46 we explore the story of how the Umayyads of Córdoba pulled the strings of Iberia during the reigns of Abd al-Rahman III and al-Hakam II, including how that hegemony worked in practice and its limitations. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:30 The Political Landscape of Mid-Tenth Century Iberia 02:23 The Umayyads as Kingmakers: Sancho the Fat and Ordoño IV 10:07 The Legacy of Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba 12:06 Al-Hakam II, the Cultured Caliph 15:42 The Fatimid-Umayyad War for the Maghreb 20:55 The Return of the Vikings 23:34 The Battle of Gormaz of 975 26:59 The Verdict: The Forgotten Vassalage of the Christians to the Umayyads 28:09 Outro

In episode 45, I explain the founding myths of Castile and whether Count Fernán González was truly the one who liberated Castile from the Kingdom of León. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:18 The Foundational Myths of Castile 07:45 The Reunification of Castile under Fernán González 12:08 Fernán González at the Head of Álava and Castile 16:47 Did Fernán González Make Castile Independent from León? 20:06 The Verdict: Fernán González in Popular Memory Today 20:48 Outro

The political history of the Catalan counties in the first half of the 10th century is little known, but I explain it in episode 44, covering topics such as the relations between the counts and the kings of West Francia or the war between the House of Cerdanya and the House of Barcelona for the counties of Urgell and Besalú, which culminated in the tragic death of the firstborn son of Count Sunyer of Barcelona. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:29 How the Catalan Counties Gradually Fell Out of Frankish Hands 04:36 The County of Empúries in the First Half of the 10th Century 10:53 Sunyer I, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Osona 14:14 The Pyrenean Counties after the Death of Wifred the Hairy 17:42 The Battle of Baltarga: The Struggle for the County of Urgell 22:10 The Verdict: The Difficulty of Writing Comital History 23:30 Outro

The Battle of Simancas–Alhándega was a turning point in medieval Iberia. Episode 43 explores how it unfolded and its consequences for al-Andalus and the Kingdom of León, while also examining King Ramiro II's reign and the end of internal revolts after Zaragoza's submission. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:30 King Ramiro II of León and His Time 06:05 The Osma Campaign of 934: The Submission of Pamplona? 10:42 The Submission of Zaragoza in 937: An Umayyad Victory? 16:51 The Battle of Simancas–Alhándega, the Caliph's Most Resounding Defeat 23:42 The Consequences of the Battle of Simancas–Alhándega 31:48 The Verdict: The Ideas of Political Legitimacy of the Umayyads of Córdoba 33:01 Outro

In episode 42 we see the political history of the Iberian Peninsula in the 920s with the struggles between Christians and Muslims in the north, the end of the fitna of the Emirate and the proclamation of the Caliphate of Córdoba, and the Andalusi advances in the proxy war of the Maghreb between Umayyads and Fatimids. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:25 The Partition of the Banu Qasi Domains 06:24 Power Struggles in León, 924–932 10:00 The Legacy of Sancho I of Pamplona 12:46 The End of the Hafsunid Rebellion 16:01 Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba Proclaims Himself Caliph 21:33 The End of the Fitna: The Submission of Mérida, Badajoz, and Toledo 24:49 The Battle for the Maghreb: The Andalusi Conquest of Ceuta and Melilla 27:45 The Verdict: What Truly Concerned the Umayyads? 28:48 Outro

Emir Abd al-Rahman III inherited a fragmented kingdom plagued by rebels and in just five years he had already reimposed Umayyad authority over most core provinces of the Emirate of Córdoba. How was this possible? I explain how he ended the fitna, the rise of the Fatimid Caliphate in the Maghreb, and the unpunished offensives of the sons of Alfonso III of Asturias in this episode on the political history of Iberia in the 910s. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:24 The Accession of Abd al-Rahman III 02:41 Who Was Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba? 05:42 How Was It Possible to End the Fitna of the Emirate? 11:02 The First Reconquest Campaigns of Abd al-Rahman III 16:44 Danger in the Maghreb: The Founding of the Fatimid Caliphate 23:13 The Last Years of Umar ibn Hafsun 26:29 The Reign of the Sons of Alfonso III of Asturias 32:19 The Verdict: Separating the Political Figure from the Personal One 33:16 Outro

In episode 39, I explain the origins of Catalonia, the end of the Carolingian Empire, and the independence of the counties of the Spanish March. We explore figures such as Count Ramon of Ribagorza and Pallars, Sunyer II of Empúries, and Delà of Girona, and Wifred the Hairy himself, a much-mythologized figure. Here, I attempt to separate fact from fiction. I discuss the succession of Wifred the Hairy without the intervention of the Frankish king. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:31 When Was Catalonia Born? 04:07 The End of the Carolingian Empire 08:45 The Last Appointed Counts of the Spanish March 11:40 The lesser-known counts: Delà of Girona and Sunyer II of Empúries 14:42 The Independence of the Counties of Ribagorza and Pallars 17:29 The Ecclesiastical Conflict of Esclua 20:27 Wifred the Hairy: Between Myth and History 25:32 The Deeds of Wifred the Hairy's Rule 29:54 The Hereditary Succession of Wifred the Hairy 34:19 The Verdict: The Gray Scale of Independence and Sovereignty 35:56 Outro

The Kingdom of Asturias greatly expanded its borders under King Alfonso III of Asturias (866-910), nicknamed the Great. Episode 38 covers most aspects of his reign and the final years of his father, Ordoño, including the origins of Castile and Portugal as counties, the society of comital Castile, and the tragic story of the end of Alfonso's reign with the revolt of his sons and the division of the Kingdom of Asturias. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:22 The End of Musa ibn Musa 03:41 The Conditions of Asturian Expansion 06:17 The Birth of the County of Castile 12:24 Settlement and Power in Comital Castile 16:45 Alfonso the Great, King in Asturias 21:03 Expansion on the Western Flank: The Counties of Portugal and Coimbra 24:57 Ibn al-Qitt and the Day of Zamora 29:10 Revolts and Conspiracies. The Division of the Kingdom of Asturias 33:04 The Verdict: Alfonso the Not So Great 34:14 Outro

In episode 37, we explore the political history of the Iberian Peninsula in the 850s, with events such as a major rebellion in Toledo, the expansion of Asturias into León and Astorga under Ordoño I of Asturias, the founding of Madrid, and conflicts with the Banu Qasi and the Vikings. It was a period of significant political change that heralded the civil war that swept through the Emirate of Córdoba shortly afterward. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:27 The rise to the throne of Muhammad I of Córdoba 02:13 The Rebellion of Toledo and the Battle of Guadacelete 09:43 The Asturian Incorporation of León and Astorga 12:54 The Islamic Foundation of Madrid 16:04 Musa ibn Musa, Lord of the Upper March. The Battle of Albelda 22:16 The Vikings Return: The Expedition of 858–860 25:30 The Verdict: Making the Enemy Bigger Than He Really Was 26:27 Outro

In episode 36, we explore the political history of the Kingdom of Asturias under Kings Alfonso II, Nepotian, and Ramiro I. I also discuss the origins of the Jacobean cult and the emergence of Asturian pre-Romanesque art. SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC Follow the show for updates on Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/newhistoryspain.com Or Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi Spotify (video version): https://open.spotify.com/show/2OFZ00DSgMAEle9vngg537 Spanish show 'La Historia de España-Memorias Hispánicas': https://www.youtube.com/@lahistoriaespana TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:22 Alfonso II of Asturias versus Abd al-Rahman II 06:05 The Origin of the Cult of Saint James 12:12 Ramiro versus Nepotian for the Asturian Throne 15:21 The Reign of Ramiro I of Asturias 18:25 Asturian Pre-Romanesque Art 26:35 The Verdict: The Power of a Lie 27:29 Outro