Advertise on podcast: Nursing School - Audio Review

Understand the etiology and pathophysiology of ChronicKidney Disease (CKD)            •             What is CKD? •             High risk groups •             Stages of CKD 9.           Recognize the clinical manifestations associated with CKD     •             Clinical manifestations of chronic uremia affecting bodily systems.   10. Describe the diagnostic studies related to CKD. •             Renal ultrasound, scan and biopsy •             Serum urea, Cr, BUN, eGFR, Ca, electrolytes, albumin, para-thyroid hormone •             Urinalysis including 24-hour urine test. •             Urine cultures •             Serum hemoglobin and iron indices 11. Understand the different treatment modalities in the management of CKD.            •             Nonpharmacological therapy •             Pharmacological therapy •             Nutritional therapy •             Supportive care •             Dialysis •             Kidney Transplant 12. Apply the nursing process in patients with CKD.      •             Nursing assessment (including nursing diagnoses) •             Planning/goals •             Implementation •             Evaluation 13. Understand the principles of dialysis.          •             Peritoneal dialysis •             Hemodialysis 14. Identify the complications associated with dialysis. •             Peritoneal dialysis •             Hemodialysis •             Vascular accesses 15. Understand Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) as an alternative or adjunctive method for treating AKI.       •             Types of CRRT •             Features of CRRT that differ from HD 16. Understand the principles of Kidney Transplant. •             Features of kidney transplant •             Postoperative care •             Complications of transplantation

1.                      Review the structures and functions of thekidney.               •             Functionsof the nephron •             Functionsof the kidneys 2.                      Understand the etiology and pathophysiology ofAcute Kidney Injury (AKI).        Common causes of AKI •             Prerenal •             Intrarenal •             Postrenal 3.           Describethe clinical manifestations associated with AKI. Manifestations associated with: •             Prerenal •             Intrarenal •             Postrenal Manifestations associated with the phases of acute tubularnecrosis (ATN): •             Initiationphase •             Maintenancephase •             Recoveryphase 4.           Understandthe diagnostic studies associated with AKI. •             Urinalysis •             Renalultrasound •             Renalscan •             Computedtomography (CT) •             Retrogradepyelogram •             Bloodwork (serum Cr, BUN, electrolytes) 5.           Understandthe treatment modalities and interventions in AKI.              •             Treatmentof precipitating cause •             Fluidrestrictions •             Crystalloids •             Nutritiontherapy •             Treatmentsof hyperkalemia (including pharmacotherapy) •             Calciumsupplements or phosphate-binding agents •             Totalparenteral nutrition (if indicated) •             Enteralnutrition (if indicated) •             Renalreplacement therapy (RRT) (if indicated) 6.           Understandpharmacological interventions in AKI.       •             Antihypertensives •             Diuretics •             Treatmentsof hyperkalemia •             Calciumsupplements or phosphate-binding agents 7.           Apply thenursing process in patients with AKI. •             Nursingassessment (including nursing diagnoses) •             Planning/goals •             Nursingintervention •             Evaluation

1. Understand the function of the Pituitary gland &adrenal system.                  AnteriorPituitary: •             Thyroidstimulating hormone. •             Adrenocorticotropichormone (ACTH) Posterior Pituitary: •             Antidiuretichormone (ADH) Adrenals: •             Adrenalmedulla •             Adrenalcortex Regulation of hormone secretion: •             Negativefeedback •             Positivefeedback 2. Understand the pathophysiology related to the Pituitarygland.                Pituitarytumors: •             Acromegaly •             Hypopituitarism •             Tumors •             DiabetesInsipidus (DI) •             Syndromeof Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) 3. Understand the pathophysiology related to the Adrenalglands.                Adrenalmedulla: •             Norepinephrine •             Epinephrine Adrenal Cortex •             Cortisol •             Cushing’sdisease •             Addison’sdisease              Hyperaldosteronism 4. Understand the assessment abnormalities related to thePituitary. •             DiabetesInsipidus (DI) •             Syndromeof Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) •             Tumors 5. Understand the assessment abnormalities related to theAdrenal glands.   •             Cushing’sdisease •             Addison’sdisease 6. Describe the diagnostic studies related to the pituitary& adrenal glands. •             Bloodstudies •             Radiology •             Urinestudies 7.  Describe themedical & pharmacological management of the pituitary and Adrenal glands.                Medical: •             Pituitarysurgery Pharmacological: •             Corticosteroids •             ACTH •             Dexamethasone 8. Apply nursing interventions for the patient experiencingAdrenal and pituitary insufficiency. •             DiabetesInspidius •             SIADH •             Addison’sdisease •             Cushingsyndrome

1.       Understand the mechanism of breathing.          Pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity: •             intrapulmonarypressure •             intrapleuralpressure •             importanceof negative pressure in intrapleural space   2.       Understand the rationale for insertion of chesttubes in specific medical-surgical conditions. •             Thoracotomy •             Lobectomy •             Pneumothorax •             Empyema 3.       Understand the rationale of a water-seal system.          •      Preventreentry of air into the lung 4.       Understand three mechanisms to drain fluid andair from the pleural cavity.   •             Positiveexpiratory pressure, deep breathing, and coughing •             Gravity •             Suction 5.       Understand four types of pleural drainagesystems.      Pleura-evac: •             wetsuction control chamber •             drysuction control chamber •             Heimlichvalves •             pigtailcatheters 6. Understand nursing responsibilities in caring for aclient with chest tubes.                 Assessment of client •             vitalsigns •             lungsounds •             clinicalsigns of complications •             respiratorystatus •             dressing •             discomfort   Maintaining chest tubes and closed chest drainage: •             ensuringthat the system is airtight. •             assessmentof drainage in the collection container •             assessmentof fluctuation of fluid level in the water-seal chamber of the Pleura-evac unit •             assessmentfor intermittent bubbling in the water of the water-seal chamber •             assessmentfor gentle bubbling in the suction control chamber •             inspectionof the air vent •             inspectionof the drainage tubing for kinks or loops •             Chesttube dressing changes as per hospital protocol.

1.  Define chest trauma.             2.  Identify the causes of chest injury.   •             Planned-Surgical •             Unplanned accidents 3. Identify the common types of planned chest surgery.             •             Thoracotomy •             Pneumonectomy •             Lobectomy •             Wide resection •             Segmental resection 4. Describe classifications of chest trauma.                  Penetrating              Non-penetrating 5. Understand the methods of assessing chest trauma.                          Initial Assessment ABCs              History              Physical Examination              Chest x-ray              Laboratory tests                ABGs                ECG 6.  Understand the complications of severe chest trauma.                    Pneumothorax              Open pneumothorax                  Mediastinal flutter              Tension Pneumothorax and mediastinal shift              Hemothorax              Fractured ribs              Flail chest   7. Understand the therapies used in treating chest traumaand complications of chest injury. •             Oxygenation •             Pharmacotherapy •             Medical therapy •             Surgery 8. Identify the physiological issues related to chest injury.         •             Hypoxia •             Inadequate Gas Exchange •             Ventilatory Impairment •             Immobility •             Activity Intolerance •             Anxiety 9. Identify the nursing interventions relate to chestinjuries.      •             Assessment •             Nursing management of chest tubes •             Recording assessment findings •             Trouble shooting

1.    Describe airway obstruction. a.    Complete airway obstruction b.    Partial airway obstruction c.    Symptoms of airway obstruction d.    Interventions to re-establish apatent airway 2.    Understand the relevantterminologies. a.    Tracheotomy b.    Tracheostomy c.    Cuffed and uncuffed tubes 3.    Recognize the purposes and advantagesof a tracheostomy. a.    Bypass airway obstruction. b.    Facilitate removal of secretions. c.    Long-term mechanical ventilation. d.    Permit oral intake and speech inpatients on long-term Mechanical ventilation. 4.    Describe the different types oftracheostomy tubes a.    Tracheostomy tube with cuff and pilotballoon b.    Fenestrated tracheostomy tube(Shiley, Portex) with cuff, inner cannula, decannulation plug, and pilotballoon c.    Speaking tracheostomy tube (Portex,National)) with cuff, two external tubing d.    Tracheostomy tube (Bivona Fome-cuf)foam-filled cuff 5.    Describe the different parts of atracheostomy tube a.    Flange b.    Outer cannula c.    Inner cannula d.    Obturator e.    Pilot balloon f.     Cuff g.    Inflation tube h.    15-mm adapter i.     Tracheostomy tie strings 6.    Understand how certain medical healthproblems may benefit from a tracheostomy. a.    Head, neck or chest illnesses,injuries, or surgeries b.    Respiratory failure c.    Neurological trauma or disorders d.    Severe pulmonary edema or pulmonaryinfections with copious sputum production 7.    Identify complications and interveneappropriately. a.    Abnormal bleeding/hemorrhage b.    Tube dislodgement c.    Tube Obstruction d.    Tube dislodgement/Decannulation e.    Cuff leak f.     Inflammation of tracheostomy stoma orpressure area around the TT g.    Subcutaneous emphysema h.    Tracheal stenosis i.     Tracheoesophageal fistula j.     Hypoxemia/hypoxia/ hypercapnia 8.    Identify actual and/or potentialnursing diagnoses in patients with tracheostomy a.    Ineffective airway clearance b.    Impaired verbal communication c.    Potential for aspiration d.    Potential for infection e.    Knowledge deficit f.     Anxiety g.    Altered body image 9.    Identify nursing management inpatients with tracheostomy. a.    Assessment b.    Suctioning c.    Tracheostomy care d.    Delegation e.    Role of hydration and humidity

Learning Outcomes: 1.   Reviewand distinguish between the different ulcer types - pressure, diabetic, andvascular (venous, arterial) including assessments and assessment tools. 2.   WoundBed Preparation Algorithm 3.   Identifyfactors that affect the ability to heal and explain what needs to be consideredwhen correcting or modifying treatable causes of tissue damage (ulcer specific) 4.   Masterassessing a wound. Explain the types of debridement and identify thedebridement to use. Identify when to use a non-cytotoxic vs an antisepticsolution. Recall the principles of bacterial balance vs increased bacterialload. Identify S&S of infection and when to culture a wound. Explain whatto consider in treating an infection a.   Providelocal wound care                                       i.    Wound Assessment - MEASURE mnemonic                                      ii.    Types of debridement (surgical sharp, conservativesharp, mechanical, autolytic, enzymatic, biologic)                                     iii.    Selection of debridement based on wound                                     iv.    Solutions to cleanse the wound (non-cytotoxic vsantiseptics)                                      v.    Bacterial balance vs increased bacterial load                                     vi.    S&S of infection (NERDS vs STONES)                                   vii.    Culturing a wound                                  viii.    Treating an infection   5.   Explainthe factors to consider when selecting a dressing. Identify the benefits of amoist environment. Know the various types of dressings for the treatment ofwounds. a.    Provide local wound care                                       i.    Dressings:                                      ii.    Factors to consider when selecting a dressing(patient, wound, bacterial profile & product)                                     iii.    Benefits of a moist environment                                     iv.    Helpful tips for dressings                                      v.    Various types of dressings                                     vi.    Negative Pressure Wound Therapy 6.   Describehow to care for the peri-wound a.   Methodsto protect the peri-wound skin and prevent maceration from minimal, moderate tolarge amount of exudate 7.   Identifycriteria involved in in the evaluation of wound healing 8.   Identifyinterdisciplinary teams in caring for a patient with a wound

Outline the nursing role in medication therapy for a patient with Dementia. Classifications: ·       Cholinergic o  Aricept, Reminyl, Exelon ·       NMDA Antagonists o  Memantine ·       Others o  SSRIs o  Benzodiazepines o  Antipsychotics o  Antiepileptics   1.    Administration practices: Conditions for drug administration   2.    Assessment: Baseline Patient Status   3.    Monitoring/Evaluation: Therapeutic and adverse effects   4.     Patient and Caregiver Teaching

1.     Describe pathophysiology of Delirium and Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD). Neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles Deposits of B-amyloid protein Neuronal degeneration/loss Vascular Dementia 2.     Describe diagnostic testing and nursing assessment required for the patient with Delirium and AD. Medical history, cognitive status, physical exam. Lab tests, CT, Pet Scans 3.     Assess and differentiate between delirium and dementia. Confusion Assessment Method CAM or RADAR Cognitive assessment 4.    Recognize and name symptoms of Delirium and AD. Cognitive changes Behavior and emotional responses. Changes in ADL and IADL Function Progression of symptoms Caregiver strain/burnout 5.    Determine a nursing diagnosis in a patient with Delirium and AD in a case study. Determine underlying cause of delirium Altered thought processes Risk for injury Wandering Social isolation Alteration in nutrition Self-Care deficits Catastrophic Reaction 6.     Apply appropriate nursing interventions to respond to specific patient problems related to AD. RNAO best practice guidelines Communication techniques Environmental modifications Safety techniques ADLs Caregiver education and support

1.     Describe relevant terminology. Hospice, Palliative care, Integrated hospice palliative care approach, End-of-life (EOL) care, Continuous palliative sedation. 2.     Contrast the approach of palliative care with disease modification therapy. Illness trajectory, Goals, Focus of care, Presentation/Diagnosis. 3.     Recognize physical manifestations of the end of life and determine patient priority nursing problems (diagnoses). Sensory, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Genitourinary, Gastrointestinal,Musculoskeletal, Integumentary.   4.     Recognize psychosocial manifestations of the end of life and determine patient priority nursing problems (diagnoses). Withdrawal, Communication, Vision-like experiences, Anxiety/Depression, Anger, Hopelessness, Powerlessness, and All types of fear. 5.     Outline the nurse’s responsibilities for assessment in the person at end of life. Determining priorities in assessment. Physical, Symptom (OPQRST), Social, Spiritual, Cultural. 6.     Implement appropriate nursing interventions and pharmacological treatment based on patient’s needs at end of life. Psychosocial support of patient, family and caregivers. Physical care: Pain, delirium, dysphagia, weakness, fatigue, dehydration, dyspnea, myoclonus, skin breakdown, bowel and urinary changes, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, candidiasis. Analgesia, antiemetics, anticholinergic (glycopyrrolate), bronchodilators, oxygen, anxiolytics, antidepressants, topical treatments. 7.     Describe steps in post-mortem care.  Pronouncement of death, Certification of death, Preparing the body. 8.     Identify special needs of nurses who provide end of life care. Rewarding. Challenging: Feelings of loss and grief manifested in physical and emotional ways. Must utilize interventions for coping to maintain well-being.

Cataracts 1. Describe the pathophysiology of cataracts.  Stages  Opacity of the lens  2. Describe the signs and symptoms of persons experiencing cataracts  Blurred vision  Decreased color perception  Photophobia  Glare in bright light  Cloudy lens  3. Describe the causes of cataracts.   Aging  Trauma  Toxic substance exposure including ultraviolet light  Diabetes  Smoking  4. Describe common medical interventions for cataracts.  ECCE  ICCE  Touch ups  5. Describe nursing interventions for a patient undergoing cataract surgery.  Pre- and post-operative care  Home care instructions  Glaucoma 6. Describe the pathophysiology of glaucoma.  Open Angle  Closed Angle    7. Describe the surgical intervention, preoperative and postoperative care for patients undergoing ophthalmological surgery. Glaucoma Post-op complications 8. Summarize the action and uses of drug therapy for treating problems of the eyes and ears. Glaucoma: β-Adrenergic Blockers, α-Adrenergic Agonists, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors 9. Discuss factors affecting adherence to medication regimen. Physiological  Psychosocial  10. Identify potential problems/nursing diagnoses related to visual impairment.  Decreased mobility  Loss of vision  Injury  Self-care deficit  Sleep pattern disturbance  Social isolation  Decreased self-esteem  Powerlessness  Body image disturbance  11. Describe nursing interventions to assist patients with impaired vision.  Prevention  Care of Eyes  Referral to community resources: MAB  and CNIB  Hearing Impairment12. Describe signs and symptoms associated with hearing loss in the elderly.   Faulty speech  Inattentiveness, withdrawal  Tinnitus  Noise intolerance  Vertigo  Decreased speech perception  High tone hearing loss  13. Discuss contributing causes to hearing impairment.   Aging process  Diseases  Infection  Foreign objects  Prolonged exposure to noise  Medications  14.. Discuss potential problems related to hearing impairment.  Altered communication  Isolation  Safety issues  Dependency  15. Describe nursing interventions to assist the hearing impaired.  Quiet environment, good lighting  Position, speak slowly, voice tone/pitch  Health teaching re: hearing aids,  including use of and maintenance  Refer to community resources

1. Understand the concepts related to loss, death, and grief/bereavement Loss, Death, Grief, Bereavement, Mourning 2. Understand and recognize the grieving process and the types of grief and loss Types of loss (objects, environment, etc.) Types of grief Factors influencing the grieving process   3.Recognize the common needs of the elderly person and the family experiencing bereavement or loss. The 6 Cs Approach Needs of the family 4. Apply interventions that can assist/support the patient/family experiencing grief, bereavement, or loss. Assessment Nursing diagnosis Planning (goals and outcomes) Intervention Evaluation  5. Identify emotional consequences of nursing patients in the final stages of the life  Nurse’s experience with grief Professional burnout Own experience   5. Identify emotional consequences of nursing patients in the final stages of the life

1. Outline the nursing role in drug therapy for a patient with Parkinson’s Disease. Administration practices: Conditions for drug administration Assessment: Baseline patient status Monitoring/Evaluation: Therapeutic and adverse effects Patient and Caregiver Teaching 2. Describe the drug classification, mechanism of action, precautions, therapeutic and adverse effects of drug therapy in the management of PD. Drug therapy includes: ·       Anticholinergics ·       Antivirals ·       Carbidopa/Levodopa ·       Dopamine Agonists ·       Monoamine B inhibitors ·       COMT inhibitors ·       Antihistamines 3. Identify drugs used to manage the other signs and symptoms associated with PD. AntidepressantsCholinesterase inhibitors LaxativesMeds to treat N/V, urinary retention, sleep disturbances, anxiety, gastrointestinal distress, pain

1.  Define Parkinson’s disease. Chronic, slow, progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia characterized by tremors at rest, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. 2.  Describe the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Role of DA producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Imbalance of two neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh). 3.  Identify the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. Possible causative factors of PD. Other medical conditions with Parkinson-like symptoms.   4.  State the incidence of Parkinson’s disease. Age group most affected Gender 5. Describe the clinical manifestations (motor and non-motor features) of Parkinson’s disease. Primary: Tremors Rigidity Akinesia/bradykinesia Postural instability   Secondary: Fine motor function problems DysarthriaHypophonia Masklike face Fatigue and weakness Autonomic manifestations Cognitive impairments Emotional lability Sleep disturbance   6. Describe the stages of Parkinson’s disease. Stages I-V   7.  Understand the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. History and clinical findings Rule out other disorders Conventional diagnosis   8.  Identify health problems in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Worsening of motor and nonmotor symptoms as the disease process progresses.   9. Describe nursing interventions used to promote adaptation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. General principles and specific interventions Team approach Referrals Education Discharge planning Community care and involvement Nurse’s role 10. Understand nonpharmacological strategies to manage the signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. Exercise therapy Speech therapy Relaxation techniques Self-care management Balance nutrition Strategies to prevent constipation, anxiety, pain, sleep disorders, and activities to improve cognition Use of complementary therapies   11. Identify surgical procedures that may be implemented to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Thalamotomy Pallidotomy Deep brain stimulation (DBS) Fetal-adrenal transplants Stem cell transplants

1.     Identify and describe nursing care related to seizures. Obtaining history from patient/family - Type of seizure - Manifestations - Duration - Management Maintaining safety - Seizure precautions - Ensuring compliance with drug therapy Observations and nursing care during a seizure Health promotion for families  2.     Define “status epilepticus” and describe related problems.