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A physical therapist is selecting an ankle-foot orthosis for a patient status post stroke who exhibits severe knee hyperextension - also known as genu recurvatum - during the midstance phase of gait. Which of the following orthotic modifications is MOST appropriate to address this issue? Option 1- Setting the ankle-foot orthosis in 5 degrees of plantarflexion Option 2- Setting the ankle-foot orthosis in 5 degrees of dorsiflexion Option 3- Allowing free dorsiflexion and free plantarflexion Option 4- Utilizing a posterior leaf spring ankle-foot orthosis Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/YO2niKtRjnY

A physical therapist monitors a patient with a T2 spinal cord injury who is participating in a sitting tolerance activity. The patient suddenly becomes restless and the physical therapist notices a marked elevation in blood pressure alongside profuse sweating on the patient's face and neck. Which of the following conditions is the MOST likely explanation for the patient's clinical presentation? Option 1- Autonomic dysreflexia secondary to a blocked urinary drainage system Option 2- Orthostatic hypotension secondary to prolonged upright positioning Option 3- Pulmonary embolism secondary to deep vein thrombosis Option 4- Spinal shock secondary to an acute inflammatory response Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/JlkKNAnasbk

A physical therapist reviews the medical record of a patient who was recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Which of the following clinical findings is MOST likely to be documented during the initial physical therapy examination? Option 1- Asymmetrical resting tremor that decreases with voluntary movement Option 2- Bilateral visual disturbances accompanied by a delayed pupillary light reflex Option 3- Progressive symmetrical distal muscle weakness and diminished deep tendon reflexes Option 4- Significant cogwheel rigidity during passive upper extremity range of motion Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/_QL2qjLhkP0

A physical therapist reviews the medical record of a patient who sustained a cerebrovascular accident. The documentation notes that the patient exhibits Broca's expressive aphasia. Which structural area of the brain is MOST likely affected? Option 1- Left parietal lobe Option 2- Left frontal lobe Option 3- Right parietal lobe Option 4- Right occipital lobe Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/rzXUhT1VAg0

A physical therapist examines a patient who had a recent stroke. The patient exhibits significant difficulty planning and executing purposeful movements despite having normal muscle strength, coordination, and sensation. Which of the following terms is MOST consistent with this presentation? Option 1- Ideomotor apraxia Option 2- Dysdiadochokinesia Option 3- Astereognosis Option 4- Visual agnosia Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/D0vwV5B_EhY

A patient recently diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome is referred to physical therapy for generalized deconditioning. Which clinical finding would MOST likely be observed during the physical therapy examination? Option 1- Distal muscle atrophy and hyporeflexia in the lower extremities Option 2- Hypotension and resting bradycardia Option 3- Proximal muscle weakness and thin, easily bruised skin Option 4- Spastic paraparesis and bilateral clonus at the ankles Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/AmFA4it8nYE

A physical therapist is preparing to initiate manual lymphatic drainage on a patient with left upper extremity lymphedema secondary to breast cancer. Which finding from the chart review is a contraindication to this treatment? Option 1- The patient has hypertension with a resting blood pressure of 158/96 mm Hg Option 2- The patient has an active cellulitis infection with visible erythema Option 3- The patient had a deep vein thrombosis in the right leg six months ago Option 4- The patient has peripheral arterial disease affecting the left upper extremity Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/60XyrO4Ke10

A physical therapist is reviewing the treatment plan for a patient newly diagnosed with stage II lymphedema of the right upper extremity. Which of the following BEST describes the primary treatment goal for this patient? Option 1- Elevate the limb on pillows while sleeping and apply ice to reduce swelling Option 2- Initiate intensive manual lymphatic drainage and compression bandaging Option 3- Apply compression garments during exercise only, removing them when at rest Option 4- Refer for surgery since the patient will not respond to conservative treatment Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/ehGoeK3q_GM

A physical therapist is educating a patient with lower extremity lymphedema on proper skin and nail care as part of their home management program. Which of the following instructions is MOST appropriate to include in this patient's education? Option 1- Soak the foot in hot water daily to soften the skin and improve circulation Option 2- Cut toenails straight across and file any sharp edges to prevent skin trauma Option 3- Use a pumice stone on areas of thickened skin to reduce buildup Option 4- Apply a high pH lotion to the limb daily to keep the skin moisturized Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/KoSmtYMNwe4

A physical therapist is treating a patient with upper extremity lymphedema following a mastectomy. When performing manual lymphatic drainage, which of the following BEST describes the correct sequence for initiating treatment? Option 1 - Begin at the distal part of the limb before clearing the trunk Option 2 - Begin at the trunk before clearing the distal part of the limb Option 3 - Apply deep strokes along the entire length of the limb toward the lymph nodes Option 4 - Begin at the midpoint of the limb and work in both directions simultaneously Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/iOI-OeEzBZI

A patient has been diagnosed with osteoporosis in their spine and their femurs. They have been cleared by their physician for physical therapy and are eager to begin exercising. Which exercise should be AVOIDED in the patient's therapy program? Option 1- Prone press-ups performed through a full range of spinal extension Option 2- Jogging on a treadmill with a moderate incline Option 3- Bodyweight squats with the trunk in an upright position Option 4- Sit-ups performed through a full range of spinal flexion Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/WmBmyV5BpjA

A patient with type 2 diabetes reports lightheadedness upon standing from the plinth during a therapy session. Their resting heart rate is also noted to be abnormally high. Which rationale BEST explains these findings?  Option 1- The patient's symptoms are due to poor circulation from peripheral artery disease  Option 2- The patient's symptoms are due to an inner ear dysfunction, a common complication of diabetes  Option 3- These are signs of autonomic neuropathy, which can impair cardiovascular responses  Option 4- These findings are a normal response to standing and are not clinically significant in diabetic patients Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/Qk70A_66BOs

A patient presents to physical therapy with a DEXA scan result showing a T-score of -2.8 at the lumbar spine. Which classification would be MOST appropriate for this patient based on the T-score? Option 1- Normal bone density Option 2- Osteopenia Option 3- Osteoporosis Option 4- Osteomalacia Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/rmcwvRmR1qA

A patient with type 2 diabetes on insulin becomes pale, shaky, and confused during a gait training session. What is the MOST appropriate immediate action for the therapist to take? Option 1- Stop the session, have the patient rest, and resume once symptoms resolve Option 2- Stop the session and provide a fast-acting carbohydrate Option 3- Stop the session immediately and call 911 Option 4- Stop the session, document the incident, and reschedule for another day Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/ogdamOUQPh0

During an evaluation, a physical therapist performs the elbow flexion test to reproduce a patient's upper extremity symptoms. Which of the following BEST explains the mechanism behind this test?  Option 1- Compression of the ulnar nerve within the cubital tunnel  Option 2- Compression of the median nerve as it passes through the pronator teres  Option 3- Ischemic compression of the radial artery reducing blood flow to the forearm  Option 4- Stretching of the posterior interosseous nerve beneath the supinator  Watch the video version on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/RK6ELQAI5fM