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It’s gator time, folks! It seems like we should’ve already covered this topic, but, nope, this is our first ever episode on the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), and we’ve got two ringers to help: Daniel returns (our Field Guide host who moved to Florida last year) and he’s joined by his mentor in all things swamp-related, Chip Campbell. Chip spent twenty years running Okefenokee Adventures, leading interpretive tours in the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, and his knowledge of alligator natural history and ecology runs deep. Thanks to our Patrons, this episode is also an on-the-road joint. The guys are deep in the Florida Everglades on a multi-day paddling trip, and they take a break at camp to talk with Chip about all things alligator — with a special focus on separating gator myths from reality. And, unfortunately for those of you crushing on Steve, this one’s 100% Steve-free. This episode was recorded on Dec. 31, 2025 at Watson’s Place campsite in Everglades National Park. Episode Notes and Links Alligators, metabolism, and the “dog comparison”During the episode, Chip mentioned a study suggesting that several alligators could be maintained on roughly the same caloric intake as a single dog. We were not able to locate a study that makes that specific numerical comparison. However, the underlying idea is strongly supported by research on alligator physiology: American alligators have extremely low metabolic rates compared to warm-blooded mammals because they are ectothermic and do not spend energy maintaining body temperature. Classic physiological work shows that adult alligators can have daily energy expenditures that are only a small fraction of those of similarly sized mammals, making informal comparisons like this directionally accurate even if the exact ratio is anecdotal rather than experimental. Source: Coulson, R. A. (1989). Biochemistry and physiology of alligator metabolism in vivo. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 29(3), 921–934. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/29.3.921 Freshwater “sipping” — the study behind the observation The behavior Chip describes is documented in a study by Nifong and Lowers, which examined how coastal alligators use estuarine habitats. The authors note that after heavy rainfall, a thin layer of freshwater can temporarily sit on top of saltier water, and alligators will take advantage of this by drinking from the surface. This helps them manage hydration and salt balance in brackish environments, despite lacking the salt-excreting glands found in crocodiles. Source: Nifong, J. C., & Lowers, R. H. (2017). Reciprocal intraguild predation between Alligator mississippiensis and elasmobranchs in the southeastern United States. Southeastern Naturalist, 16(3), 383–396. Alligator growth vs. ageChip addressed the myth that alligators continue to grow throughout their life. Echoing what he reported, research on American alligators shows that although hatchlings and juveniles grow rapidly, their rate of growth slows substantially as they get older, and studies indicate they reach near-maximum body size well before the end of their lives. Long-term data suggest many alligators stop adding significant length by roughly 25–35 years of age, and more recent work has revised the classic idea of indefinite growth toward a pattern of determinate growth with a growth plateau in adulthood. Human harvest of alligators in LouisianaAs Chip said, Louisiana supports the largest wild harvest program for the American alligator in the United States, with more than 2,000 licensed hunters routinely harvesting an estimated 30,000–35,000 wild alligators annually under a regulated tagging system. In contrast, other states such as Florida have had regulated harvest programs with substantially lower annual take.” Sources: Joanen et al. (2021), Evaluation of Effects of Harvest on Alligator Populations in Louisiana, Journal of Wildlife Management; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Alligator Annual Report (2019–2020); Hines (SEAFWA) status report on Florida alligators. Fatal Alligator Attacks In this episode, Chip discusses the history of fatal alligator-human conflicts, highlighting the 1973 Sharon Holmes incident as the first "fully confirmed" fatal attack in modern records. While the Holmes incident is often cited as the definitive first case, there was an earlier death that some consider to be the first modern fatality.  Historical records show why Chip’s reference to the Holmes case being the first “fully confirmed” case is accurate: Sharon Holmes (1973): On August 16, 1973, 16-year-old Sharon Holmes was killed while swimming at Oscar Scherer State Park. This is widely cited as the first fully confirmed fatality because of the absolute nature of the evidence: the attack was witnessed by bystanders, and a subsequent necropsy of the 11-foot 3-inch alligator found conclusive physical remains. This event marked a turning point in how state agencies, like the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), tracked and verified alligator-related deaths. Allen Rice (1957): While most official FWC lists of fatal attacks begin in 1973, the 1957 death of 9-year-old Allen Rice in Eau Gallie is often mentioned as an earlier case. However, it is technically categorized as presumed. Rice went missing while fishing, and though his body was recovered with injuries consistent with an alligator and a large gator was seen nearby, there were no direct witnesses to the strike.  Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for this and many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Coulson, R. A. (1989). Biochemistry and physiology of alligator metabolism in vivo. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 29(3), 921–934. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/29.3.921 James C. Nifong & Russell H. Lowers (2017). Reciprocal Intraguild Predation between American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and Elasmobranchii in the Southeastern United States. Southeastern Naturalist 16(3): 383–396. Joanen et al. (2021), Evaluation of Effects of Harvest on Alligator Populations in Louisiana, Journal of Wildlife Management; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Alligator Annual Report (2019–2020); Hines (SEAFWA) status report on Florida alligators. McIlhenny, E.A. (1935) The Alligator's Life History. Boston: The Christopher Publishing House. Photo Credit Thanks again Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for the amazing gator painting!

In this episode, Bill and Steve dive into a tiny, bustling world - a world that’s hiding on the feathers of the birds we see every day. Joining them is Dr. Alix Matthews, postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University at Buffalo, and she reveals the strange lives of feather mites — how these barely-visible hitchhikers feed and get around and whether or not they’re helping or hurting their avian hosts. This episode was recorded on September 4, 2025 at Walton Woods in Amherst, NY. Episode Notes and Links Check out Dr. Matthews’s website and research here. And watch a presentation on mites she did for Audubon Arkansas in October 2025. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Check out the Field Guides merch at our Teespring store. It’s really a great deal: you get to pay us to turn your body into a billboard for the podcast! Photo Credit Dr. Alix Matthews - https://matthewsalix.weebly.com/feather-mites.html

It’s part 2 of our dive into the Insect Apocalypse, with our good friend Dr. Jason Dombroskie from the Cornell University Insect Collection! In this part, Jason fills us in on the drivers of the Insect Apocalypse and - most importantly - what we can do about it. This episode was recorded on August 21, 2025 at Rattlesnake Hill Wildlife Management Area in Dalton, NY.. Episode Notes During the episode, we made the claim that 40 million acres of the US is lawn, and that that area is equal to all of the country’s National Parks put together. True? Well, sort of. The claim that the U.S. has about 40 million acres of lawn—roughly equal to all our national parks combined—is only partly true. A NASA-funded study led by Cristina Milesi estimated that turfgrass covers about 128,000 km² (≈31 million acres) of the continental U.S., making it the largest irrigated “crop” in the country (Milesi et al., Environmental Management, 2005; NASA Earth Observatory). Later analyses and popular summaries often round that up to ≈40 million acres (e.g., Scienceline, 2011; LawnStarter, 2023). By comparison, the total land area of all officially designated U.S. National Parks is about 52.4 million acres, while the entire National Park System—which also includes monuments, preserves, and historic sites—covers about 85 million acres (National Park Service, 2024). So while lawns and parks occupy areas of similar magnitude, lawns do not actually equal or exceed the combined area of the national parks. Is it better to mulch leaves on your lawn or leave them be? Here’s what we found: It’s generally best to mulch your leaves with a mower rather than rake or remove them. Research from Michigan State University found that mowing leaves into small pieces allows them to decompose quickly, returning nutrients to the soil and reducing weeds like dandelions and crabgrass (MSU Extension, “Don’t rake leaves — mulch them into your lawn”, 2012). Cornell University studies similarly show that mulched leaves improve soil structure, moisture retention, and microbial activity (Cornell Cooperative Extension, “Leaf Mulching: A Sustainable Alternative”, 2019). However, in garden beds, wooded edges, or under shrubs, it’s often better to leave leaves whole, since they provide winter habitat for butterflies, bees, and other invertebrates that overwinter in leaf litter (National Wildlife Federation, “Leave the Leaves for Wildlife”, 2020). The ideal approach is a mix: mow-mulch leaves on grassy areas for turf health and leave them intact where they naturally fall to support biodiversity and soil ecology. Episode Links The Cornell University Insect Collection Also, check out their great Instagram feed And their annual October event Insectapalooza Find out more about the recently discovered species of Swallowtail, Papilio solstitius, commonly known as the Midsummer Tiger Swallowtail- https://www.sci.news/biology/papilio-solstitius-13710.html Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Biesmeijer, J.C., Roberts, S.P., Reemer, M., Ohlemuller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A.P., Potts, S.G., Kleukers, R.J.M.C., Thomas, C.D. and Settele, J., 2006. Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science, 313(5785), pp.351-354.   Boyle, M.J., Bonebrake, T.C., Dias da Silva, K., Dongmo, M.A., Machado França, F., Gregory, N., Kitching, R.L., Ledger, M.J., Lewis, O.T., Sharp, A.C. and Stork, N.E., 2025. Causes and consequences of insect decline in tropical forests. Nature Reviews Biodiversity, pp.1-17.   Burghardt, K.T., Tallamy, D.W., Philips, C. and Shropshire, K.J., 2010. Non‐native plants reduce abundance, richness, and host specialization in lepidopteran communities. Ecosphere, 1(5), pp.1-22.   Colla, S.R. and Packer, L., 2008. Evidence for decline in eastern North American bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with special focus on Bombus affinis Cresson. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17(6), pp.1379-1391.   Crossley, M.S., Meier, A.R., Baldwin, E.M., Berry, L.L., Crenshaw, L.C., Hartman, G.L., Lagos-Kutz, D., Nichols, D.H., Patel, K., Varriano, S. and Snyder, W.E., 2020. No net insect abundance and diversity declines across US Long Term Ecological Research sites. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(10), pp.1368-1376.   DeWalt, R.E., Favret, C. and Webb, D.W., 2005. Just how imperiled are aquatic insects? A case study of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Illinois. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 98(6), pp.941-950.   Edwards, C.B., Zipkin, E.F., Henry, E.H., Haddad, N.M., Forister, M.L., Burls, K.J., Campbell, S.P., Crone, E.E., Diffendorfer, J., Douglas, M.R. and Drum, R.G., 2025. Rapid butterfly declines across the United States during the 21st century. Science, 387(6738), pp.1090-1094.   Gaona, F.P., Iñiguez-Armijos, C., Brehm, G., Fiedler, K. and Espinosa, C.I., 2021. Drastic loss of insects (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in urban landscapes in a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Insect Conservation, 25(3), pp.395-405.   Gardiner, M.M., Allee, L.L., Brown, P.M., Losey, J.E., Roy, H.E. and Smyth, R.R., 2012. Lessons from lady beetles: accuracy of monitoring data from US and UK citizen‐science programs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10(9), pp.471-476.   Groenendijk, D. and van der Meulen, J., 2004. Conservation of moths in The Netherlands: population trends, distribution patterns and monitoring techniques of day-flying moths. Journal of Insect Conservation, 8(2), pp.109-118.   Haddad, N.M., Haarstad, J. and Tilman, D., 2000. The effects of long-term nitrogen loading on grassland insect communities. Oecologia, 124(1), pp.73-84.   Hallmann, C.A., Sorg, M., Jongejans, E., Siepel, H., Hofland, N., Schwan, H., Stenmans, W., Müller, A., Sumser, H., Hörren, T. and Goulson, D., 2017. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE12 (10): e0185809   Hallmann, C.A., Ssymank, A., Sorg, M., de Kroon, H. and Jongejans, E., 2021. Insect biomass decline scaled to species diversity: General patterns derived from a hoverfly community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), p.e2002554117.   Harris, J.E., Rodenhouse, N.L. and Holmes, R.T., 2019. Decline in beetle abundance and diversity in an intact temperate forest linked to climate warming. Biological Conservation, 240, p.108219.   Hembry, D.H., 2013. Herbarium Specimens Reveal Putative Insect Extinction on the Deforested Island of Mangareva (Gambier Archipelago, French Polynesia). Pacific Science, 67(4), pp.553-560.   Høye, T.T., Loboda, S., Koltz, A.M., Gillespie, M.A., Bowden, J.J. and Schmidt, N.M., 2021. Nonlinear trends in abundance and diversity and complex responses to climate change in Arctic arthropods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), p.e2002557117.   Huryn, A.D. and Wallace, J.B., 2000. Life history and production of stream insects. Annual review of entomology, 45(1), pp.83-110.   Kawahara, A.Y., Reeves, L.E., Barber, J.R. and Black, S.H., 2021. Eight simple actions that individuals can take to save insects from global declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), p.e2002547117.   Leuenberger, W., Doser, J.W., Belitz, M.W., Ries, L., Haddad, N.M., Thogmartin, W.E. and Zipkin, E.F., 2025. Three decades of declines restructure butterfly communities in the Midwestern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(33), p.e2501340122.   Liang, M., Yang, Q., Chase, J.M., Isbell, F., Loreau, M., Schmid, B., Seabloom, E.W., Tilman, D. and Wang, S., 2025. Unifying spatial scaling laws of biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Science, 387(6740), p.eadl2373.   Lister, B.C. and Garcia, A., 2018. Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(44), pp.E10397-E10406.   Owens, A.C., Pocock, M.J. and Seymoure, B.M., 2024. Current evidence in support of insect-friendly lighting practices. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 66, p.101276.   Myers, L.W., Kondratieff, B.C., Grubbs, S.A., Pett, L.A., DeWalt, R.E., Mihuc, T.B. and Hart, L.V., 2025. Distributional and species richness patterns of the stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera) in New York State. Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, p.e158952.   Pilotto, F., Kühn, I., Adrian, R., Alber, R., Alignier, A., Andrews, C., Bäck, J., Barbaro, L., Beaumont, D., Beenaerts, N. and Benham, S., 2020. Meta-analysis of multidecadal biodiversity trends in Europe. Nature communications, 11(1), p.3486.   Pinkert, S., Farwig, N., Kawahara, A.Y. and Jetz, W., 2025. Global hotspots of butterfly diversity are threatened in a warming world. Nature Ecology & Evolution, pp.1-12.   Raven, P.H. and Wagner, D.L., 2021. Agricultural intensification and climate change are rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), p.e2002548117.   Rodrigues, A.V., Rissanen, T., Jones, M.M., Huikkonen, I.M., Huitu, O., Korpimäki, E., Kuussaari, M., Lehikoinen, A., Lindén, A., Pietiäinen, H. and Pöyry, J., 2025. Cross‐Taxa Analysis of Long‐Term Data Reveals a Positive Biodiversity‐Stability Relationship With Taxon‐Specific Mechanistic Underpinning. Ecology Letters, 28(4), p.e70003.   Salcido, D.M., Forister, M.L., Garcia Lopez, H. and Dyer, L.A., 2020. Loss of dominant caterpillar genera in a protected tropical forest. Scientific reports, 10(1), p.422.   Sánchez-Bayo, F. and Wyckhuys, K.A., 2019. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological conservation, 232, pp.8-27.   Schowalter, T.D., Pandey, M., Presley, S.J., Willig, M.R. and Zimmerman, J.K., 2021. Arthropods are not declining but are responsive to disturbance in the Luquillo Experi

The guys are back in the field with our good friend Dr. Jason Dombroskie from the Cornell University Insect Collection! Listen in as Jason leads us through fields and forests, trusty butterfly net in hand, filling us in on the so-called “Insect Apocalypse.” Are insect populations really collapsing worldwide? What do the numbers say? How bad is it, and — most importantly — what can we do about it? In this part, we head out on the trail with Jason. He introduces us to some insects we find along the way and schools us on why insects are so important, and in part two – he delves into the details of the insect apocalypse – what we know and what we don’t know. And since we feel bad that you can’t see what we got to see – we bring back a little trick we had in our last episodes with Jason – each time we find a critter listen for the sound of a camera shutter. That’s the signal to visit this episode’s page on our website – thefieldguidespodcast.com -  we’ll have photos there timestamped so you can see what we’re looking at, along with some extra info. Enjoy… This episode was recorded on August 21, 2025 at Rattlesnake Hill Wildlife Management Area in Dalton, NY.. Episode Notes Steve said he heard that there are more species of just weevils than there are of fish. Is that true? At one point in the episode Steve mentioned he’d heard there are more species of weevils than there are of fish. I looked it up, and he’s right! Scientists have described around 60–70,000 weevil species, with the real total likely over 100,000, while all the fish in the world come in at about 35,000 species. So as surprising as it sounds, Steve’s claim checks out—the humble weevil family really does outnumber all the fish. It was also mentioned that some insects are only known from a single specimen in a collection and have never been seen again in the wild. We looked for a study and found a large one from 2018 that looked at more than 800,000 insect species – it found that about one in five—around 19%—are described from a single specimen and never collected again (Lim et al., Current Biology, 2018). It really shows how much of insect diversity is still barely known. Pollard Walk - During the episode Bill asked about something called a Pollard Walk. That’s actually a standard insect survey method. The idea is simple: you walk a fixed route—usually the same path each time—at a steady pace and record every insect you see within a certain distance, often about 2.5 meters on each side. It’s kind of like a birding “point count,” but moving. The method, named after Eric Pollard who developed it in the 1970s for butterfly monitoring, is still one of the most widely used ways scientists track insect populations over time. Visit thefieldguidespodcast.com for full episode notes, links, and works cited.

Part 2 of our time in the woods with naturalist Sandy Geffner. This time, Sandy leads Steve and Bill on a “hike”—though with Sandy, the word takes on a different meaning. You might not cover much distance, but you’ll travel miles in understanding: exploring ecology and hearing stories of the forest and the wildlife within it. Enjoy! This episode was recorded on July 21, 2025 at JP Nicely Memorial Park in West Falls, NY. Episode Notes and Links Sandy’s favorite books: A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold and Finding the Mother Tree by Suzanne Simard. But we feel that we have to call ourselves out here because we’ve been critical of Simard’s work before and maybe we should’ve brought this up with Sandy during the episode (but we obviously didn’t have the stones). For a deep dive into some of the criticisms of Simard’s word, check out the In Defense of Plants podcast’s series of episodes that starts here. Or this article by three professors who’ve spent their careers studying forest fungi. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Photo Credit The Natural Side of UB by Robby Johnson

What exactly is a “naturalist”? Spend a little time with Sandy Geffner, and you’ll find out. Steve and Bill rarely go more than an episode or two without mentioning him—a naturalist who profoundly shaped both their lives. This month, they head into the woods to talk with Sandy about how a baseball-loving kid from Long Island became someone who’s inspired countless people to deepen their connection with the natural world. This episode was recorded on July 21, 2025 at JP Nicely Memorial Park in West Falls, NY. Episode Notes and Links Earth Spirit Educational Services Rogers Environmental Center The State University of NY at Buffalo’s Dept. of Environment and Sustainability Sandy’s UB Faculty Page Santee Sioux Reservation Stony Kill Farm Environmental Education Center Tifft Nature Preserve Cayuga Nature Center / Treetops Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Photo Credit SUNY at Buffalo

It’s hard to believe, but we’re doing another episode on fish! This time around, Steve introduces us to the Sturgeon (family Acipenseridae), from their dinosaur-era origins to their caviar-fueled scandals (did you know Beluga caviar comes from Sturgeon? Bill didn’t either). So strap in as the guys touch on Sturgeon, for the very first time. This episode was recorded on June 29, 2025 at Eighteenmile Creek County Park in Hamburg, NY. Episode Notes and Links Coming soon! Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Coming soon… Photo Credit Beluga Sturgeon (Huso huso) photo by Максим Яковлєв. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_(Huso_huso).jpg

In this special bonus episode we're crossing over with The Spark Bird Podcast! (@sparkbirdproject) Bill joins one of the hosts of the Spark Bird Project podcast, Jenn Lodi-Smith, to go birding in Buffalo’s historic Forest Lawn Cemetery, sharing spark bird stories, conservation efforts for migration, and the joy of birding in community. You’ll also hear reflections from folks at the Feminist Bird Club of Buffalo (@fbc.buf) May the Spark Be with You outing, all recorded on-site at Forest Lawn Cemetery. This episode is a celebration of connection, accessibility, conservation, and the shared love of birds that brings us all together. This episode was recorded on May 4, 2025 at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, NY. Episode Notes and Links The Spark Bird Project The Spark Bird Podcast The Femenist Bird Club Buffalo Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Visit thefieldguidespodcast.com for full episode notes, links, and works cited.

Bill and Steve return for the second part of their look into the Dawn Chrous, that early morning explosion of bird song that refuses to let you sleep in. This episode was recorded on April 20, 2025 at Majors Park in East Aurora, NY. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Gil, D. and Llusia, D., 2020. The bird dawn chorus revisited. Coding strategies in vertebrate acoustic communication, pp.45-90. American Redstart vocalizations used in the episode were from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s YouTube page. Photo Credit The doubly deeply disturbing image that graces this episode was generated by AI in Canva.

Bill and Steve look into the Dawn Chrous, that early morning explosion of bird song that refuses to let you sleep in. And, for all you Daniel-haters out there, this episode is 100% Daniel-free (but Bill and Steve are both crying on the inside. We miss Daniel buckets, and we're betting you do, too). This episode was recorded on April 10, 2025 at the California Road Rereation Area in Orchard Park, NY. Episode Notes and Links Are there orioles in China? Bill shared the classic Chinese poem from the Tang Dynasty (~600–900 CE) - the one called "Feelings on Awakening from Drunkenness on a Spring Day" by Li Bai, and Steve wondered:  Are there Orioles in China. Turns out that, yes, there are, and they’re more oriole-y (?) than ours! That’s because our New World orioles, like the one we’re betting you’re thinking of right now (the well-known orange and black Baltimore Oriole) belong to the family Icteridae and are not closely related to Old World orioles. Instead, they’re closely related to blackbirds and meadowlarks, fellow family members in the Icteridae. Old world orioles in Europe and Asia, on the other hand, belong to the family Oriolidae. Our orioles were named after them because of the similarities to the old world orioles in behavior, diet, and appearance, but, despite the similarities – these families are not closely related. The similarities evolved independently due to convergent evolution (when species develop similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures). So, yes, Steve, there are orioles in China, but it’s tough to say for sure which oriole Li Bai heard in his drunken stupor because Birds of China reports seven species found throughout the country, and, as we pointed out, given Li Bai’s state, maybe the bird was only in his head. Is there a Thorpe’s Law? When Bill mentioned William Thorpe, a British biologist and ornithologist, Steve thought he recalled there was an ecological law or concept credited to Thorpe. Bill scoured the Internet, but the closest thing he could find was Taylor's power law, an empirical law in ecology that relates the variance of the number of individuals of a species per unit area of habitat to the corresponding mean by a power law relationship. If that made sense to you, Bill asks if you could kindly explain it to him. bird Can someone look at a sound spectrograph and identify the bird? The guys wondered if a sound researcher looking at sound spectrographs (visual representations of bird song) could get good enough to know what bird they’re looking at just by the visual? An internet search was inconclusive- a lot of sites talk about using the spectrographs as an aid to get better at understanding and ID’ing bird song, but we couldn’t find any that specifically addressed this question. We’ve emailed some bird biologists and we’ll update these notes when we hear back! Social Monogamy vs. Sexual Monogamy: Steve talked about how he’d heard that even in species that bond for life, members of the pair will still seek out other mates. True? First, let’s make a distinction that Steve alluded to in the episode: that is, social vs. sexual monogamy. In birds, "monogamy" often refers to a social bond, where a pair stays together and raises offspring together. However, this doesn't necessarily mean they are sexually faithful to each other. So, socially monogamous doesn’t equal sexual monogamy. Looking in to this, we landed on a passage in The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior – a birder’s bible if there is one – it reports: “90 percent of all bird species are socially monogamous, but some level of cheating is common. Cheating, or “extra-pair copulation” also occurs, but rarely, among birds of sexually monogamous, mated-for-life species, “but is not yet known how many species engage in extra-pair copulations, since many species remain to be studied. However, it appears that genetic monogamy may be the exception rather than the rule among birds.” Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Check out the Field Guides merch at our Teespring store. It’s really a great deal: you get to pay us to turn your body into a billboard for the podcast! Works Cited Gil, D. and Llusia, D., 2020. The bird dawn chorus revisited. Coding strategies in vertebrate acoustic communication, pp.45-90. Greives, T.J., Kingma, S.A., Kranstauber, B., Mortega, K., Wikelski, M., van Oers, K., Mateman, A.C., Ferguson, G.A., Beltrami, G. and Hau, M., 2015. Costs of sleeping in. Functional Ecology, 29(10), pp.1300-1307. Staicer, C.A., Spector, D.A. and Horn, A.G., 1996. The dawn chorus and other diel patterns in acoustic signaling. Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds, pp.426-453. Dawn Chorus sounds used in the beginning of the episode: “Dawn Chorus in Tompkins County, New York” posted by the Cayuga Bird Club https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zZtjYQUgaQ Photo Credit The deeply disturbing image that graces this episode was generated by AI in Canva.

In this episode, Steve leads a discussion on the invasive Grass Carp. The guys go over the evolutionary history of grass carp and its relatives, its biology, its introduction to The Great Lakes region, why people are concerned, and anything interesting Steve found out about it. There are a lot more interesting fish topics that we can explore in the future, at least while Steve is researching fish. Enojy the episode! This episode was recorded on February 24, 2025 at JP Nicely Memorial Park in West Falls, NY. Episode Notes and Links Seagulls are fish. Common Carp are invasive and cause environmental damage. The guys didn’t get this right. For shame! Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Check out the Field Guides merch at our Teespring store. It’s really a great deal: you get to pay us to turn your body into a billboard for the podcast! Works Cited Chapman, D.C., Davis, J.J., Jenkins, J.A., Kocovsky, P.M., Miner, J.G., Farver, J. and Jackson, P.R., 2013. First evidence of grass carp recruitment in the Great Lakes Basin. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 39(4), pp.547-554. Mitchell, A.J. and Kelly, A.M., 2006. The public sector role in the establishment of grass carp in the United States. Fisheries, 31(3), pp.113-121. Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Ning, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, Q., Lu, H., Huang, R., Xia, X., Feng, Q.I. and Liang, X., 2015. The draft genome of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) provides insights into its evolution and vegetarian adaptation. Nature genetics, 47(6), pp.625-631. Wu, C.S., Ma, Z.Y., Zheng, G.D., Zou, S.M., Zhang, X.J. and Zhang, Y.A., 2022. Chromosome-level genome assembly of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) provides insights into its genome evolution. BMC genomics, 23(1), p.271. Photo Credit Peter Halasz (User:Pengo), Melbourne, CC BY-SA 3.0 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at Tropicarium Budapest. No changes made to photo

The guys return to Everglades National Park, again looking for a predator that Daniel wants to get too close to: the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Listen in as Daniel shares some research, busts croc-related myths, and Steve probably gets a little too excited about how crocs deal with salt water. Bill doesn’t have much to say, but he’s there, too. Enjoy! This episode was recorded on January 7, 2025 on the Bear Lake Trail in Everglades National Park. The last bit where the guys find the croc was also recorded in the Park, at the Flamingo Marina. Episode Notes and Links As promised during the episode, Steve is looking into how crocs process and excrete excess salt. As soon as he gets to the bottom of it, we’ll share it here. In the meantime, here’s what Bill found when he asked DeepSeek: Crocodiles, like many other marine and estuarine reptiles, have specialized salt glands to help them excrete excess salt from their bodies. These glands, known as salt glands or lingual glands (located on their tongues), actively transport salt ions (primarily sodium and chloride) from their bloodstream into the gland ducts. The salt is then excreted as a concentrated saline solution, which is expelled from the body. Crocodiles do not chemically change the salt (sodium chloride) into something else. Instead, they filter and concentrate it, allowing them to maintain proper electrolyte balance in their bodies, especially when living in saltwater environments. This process is crucial for osmoregulation, as it prevents dehydration and helps them survive in both freshwater and saltwater habitats. In summary, crocodiles excrete salt in its original form (sodium chloride) but in a highly concentrated solution, rather than transforming it into a different substance. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Check out the Field Guides merch at our Teespring store. It’s really a great deal: you get to pay us to turn your body into a billboard for the podcast! Works Cited Admin, CrocAttack. “Database.” CrocAttack, CrocAttack, 17 July 2023, crocattack.org/database/.  Balaguera-Reina, S. A., M. Venegas-Anaya, V. Beltrán-López, A. Cristancho, and L. D. Densmore III 2018. Food habits and ontogenetic dietary partitioning of American crocodiles in a tropical Pacific Island in Central America. Ecosphere 9(9):e02393. 10.1002/ecs2.2393 Briggs-Gonzalez VS, Basille M, Cherkiss MS, Mazzotti FJ. American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) as restoration bioindicators in the Florida Everglades. PLoS One. 2021 May 19;16(5):e0250510. doi: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010342/ Grigg, Gordon C., et al. Biology and Evolution of Crocodylians. Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press ; CSIRO Publishing, 2015.  Mazzotti Frank J. , Balaguera-Reina Sergio A. , Brandt Laura A. , Briggs-González Venetia , Cherkiss Mike , Farris Seth , Godahewa Avishka 2022.  Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Influencing Nesting Ecology of the American Crocodile in Florida, United States.  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 10.  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.904576 ISSN=2296-701X Mazzotti, F.J. The American Crocodile in Florida Bay. Estuaries 22, 552–561 (1999). https://doi.org/10.2307/1353217 Mazzoti, Frank. “American Crocodiles (Crocodylus Acutus) in Florida.” Myfwc.Com, University of Florida IFAS Extension, myfwc.com/media/1847/americancrocodilesinfl.pdf. Accessed Dec. 2024.  Villegas, Alejandro, & Schmitter-Soto, Juan Jacobo. (2008). Feeding habits of the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) in the southern coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Acta zoológica mexicana, 24(3), 117-124. Recuperado en 30 de enero de 2025, de http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0065-17372008000300008&lng=es&tlng=en.

This month, we head to the tropics and meet the Blue Iguana of the Cayman Islands! This endangered lizard is found nowhere else on the globe save for the island of Grand Cayman in the Caribbean, and just two decades ago, it’s likely there were fewer than 25 animals remaining in the wild. This was a species that was functionally extinct, but thanks to the herculean efforts of a dedicated group of people, the Blue Iguana (Cyclura lewisi) has been brought back from the brink, with over 1000 iguanas now roaming the dry, rocky forests of Grand Cayman. In July of 2024 Bill traveled there to interview Fred Burton, the man many people credit as the main driver behind the effort to save this endemic species. This episode was recorded on July 25, 2024 at the Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park, North Side, Grand Cayman Episode Notes and Links Find ourt more about conservation of the Blue Iguana by visiting the National Trust for the Cayman Islands. If you want to support efforts to help the Blue Iguana, you can donate here. Check out Fred’s book, The Little Blue Book: A Short History of the Grand Cayman Blue Iguana If you ever find yourself in Grand Cayman, we can’t recommend enough that you visit the Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park, home to the Blue Iguana captive breeding program. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for this episode. Support us on Patreon. Check out the Field Guides merch at our Teespring store. It’s really a great deal: you get to pay us to turn your body into a billboard for the podcast! Works Cited Burton, F.J., 2004. Battling extinction: A view forward for the Grand Cayman Blue Iguana (Cyclura lewisi). Iguana, 11(4), pp.232-237. Burton, F.J., 2005. Restoring a new wild population of Blue Iguanas (Cyclura lewisi) in the Salina Reserve, Grand Cayman. Iguana, 12(3), pp.166-174. Burton, F.J., 2011. Population restoration for a critically endangered reptile—the Grand Cayman blue iguana (Cyclura lewisi). Reptiles Australasia, 1, pp.35-44. Chan, N., Shen, Z., Mannion, A., Kurnick, S., Popescu, I.S., Burton, F.J., Calle, P.P. and Fox, J.G., 2021. Helicobacter cyclurae sp. nov., isolated from endangered blue iguanas (Cyclura lewisi). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, p.676682.

How hard is it to reintroduce species to a tropical island? Turns out, pretty hard! But it’s so worth it. The rewilding of the Galapagos island of Floreana will make it the largest tropical island ever to be rewilded. Researchers have spent over a decade meticulously planning for the reintroduction of the iconic Floreana Giant Tortoise (Chelonoidis niger niger). Once thought to be extinct, this species, along with eleven other locally extinct endemic animal species, are part of a reintroduction project that has involved the massive task of eradication of introduced predators, as well as the purposeful inclusion of the local population throughout the planning process. This month, Bill and Steve are completely out of their depth, discussing the project with three staff members from Fundación Jocotoco, one of the organizations leading the charge to Rewild Floreana. This episode’s special guests are Paola Sangolquí, Jocotoco’s Galapagos Program Marine Coordinator, Julieta Muñoz, Conservation Strategy Manager, and Jajean Rose-Burney, the Director of Jocotoco US. The episode was recorded in New York, NY on September 23, 2024. Episode Notes and Links Visit Fundación Jocotoco’s Rewilding Floreana website. Here’s where you can donate to support the project. Please contact Jajean at 1 (716) 247-1255 or [email protected] if you have any questions about how to donate. Steve, Daniel, and Bill would like to shout out extra special thanks to our patrons for making this episode a reality! Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes! Support us on Patreon! Check out the Field Guides merch at our Teespring store. It’s really a great deal: you get to pay us to turn your body into a billboard for the podcast! Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Photo Credit Floreana giant tortoise photo © Agustín Molina - https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/floreana-giant-tortoise-reintroduction/ Visit thefieldguidespodcast.com for full episode notes, links, and works cited.

This month, Daniel leads the guys into uncharted waters for the podcast…that’s right, it’s our first-ever episode about fish! The Great Lakes salmon fishery is one of the greatest angling spectacles in the US. Large predatory salmon, native to the Pacific Northwest, are stocked in the Great Lakes region to maintain a world class fishery and control invasive baitfish. The undisputed monarch among these stocked species? The appropriately named King Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). While they are fished for year-round, the action heats up when mature King Salmon run (well, they swim, but that’s what it’s called) up the creeks and rivers where they were born or stocked each fall. The salmon run attracts anglers from all over the country, fostering a multi-million dollar industry and countless memories. But what is with all the excitement? Why are Pacific salmon even put here? Dare we even ask, should they be here? In this episode, the guys venture to a popular salmon fishing spot near Lake Ontario and reel in the story of one of the most consequential actions in fisheries management history.  This episode was record at the Burt Dam Fishermen’s Park in Olcott, NY on October 8, 2024. Episode Notes Daniel mentioned the scientific name and meaning for the Coho Salmon: Oncorhynchus kisutch.  But he failed to mention that the Chinook or King Salmon’s scientific name, which is Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Oncorhynchus as mentioned in the episode from Greek origin, loosely means “hooked snout,” referring to the “kype” these salmon develop. Tshawytscha is derived from a Russian name for the King Salmon, like how kisutch is derived from a Russian name for the Coho Salmon. Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are also known as King salmon.  Chinook and King are used interchangeably in the episode, as Daniel can’t seem to settle on a common name he likes.  As mentioned in the episode, “King” comes from the fact that this salmon species is the largest salmon species in the world.  Steve asked Daniel what “Chinook” means, and he did not know.  After further research, it is found that the word Chinook is derived from the Chinookan people.  This includes several groups of indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest, where the Chinook Salmon is native. And what about Coho Salmon? “Cohos” is a word in one of the dialects of the native peoples of the Pacific Northwest with an unknown meaning, possibly the name for the fish itself.  Depths of the Great Lakes The books the guys mentioned were Dan Egan’s The Death and Life of the Great Lakes and Margaret Wooster’s Living Waters: Reading the Rivers of the Lower Great Lakes. Visit thefieldguidespodcast.com for full episode notes, links, and works cited.