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Every summer, large sacks of caterpillar silk appear in trees across much of North America. They’re the communal home of Fall Webworms, and they’re not pretty - full of caterpillars, their poop (frass), and dead leaves. But, y’know, those sacks are full of something else - fascinating nature facts! And in this episode, Bill and Steve dive into the messy but engrossing world of Fall Webworms (they put the gross into engrossing). This episode was recorded at Taylor Road Park in Hamburg, NY on September 28, 2026. Links Wild Ideas: The Podcast Archive Episode Notes Do fall webworms prefer the canopy, forest edge, or forest interior? During the episode Steve wondered about where fall webworms hang out most often. Bill didn’t come across the info in his research prior to recording, but, afterwards, he found that since their webs are usually built near the end of branches, they seem to do better along forest edges, roadsides, river corridors, and other more open areas. One reason may be sunlight. Research has shown that fall webworm webs can become a whole lot warmer than the surrounding air when they are in the sun. So, living on an exposed branch or along a forest edge could give the caterpillars a useful heat boost. There is less evidence that they specifically prefer the very top of the canopy, so “outer branches and edge habitats” is probably the best way to describe it.   How long do fall webworm moths live? Not very long. Adult fall webworm moths usually live for just about a week, with studies generally finding lifespans in the range of ~5–8 days.  And the adults are strictly mating, egg-laying machines. They don’t even feed, living instead on energy stored during the caterpillar stage.   Is “polyvoltine” an acceptable term for having multiple generations per year? When the guys were discussing voltinism (how many generations an insect has in a year) Steve guessed that the term for more than two generations a year was “polyvoltine”, and Bill shot back that, no, it was “multivoltine”. But then he looked into it after recording, and it turns out that Steve was not wrong.  Both “multivoltine” and “polyvoltine” are used in entomology, although “multivoltine” seems to be more common in the fall webworm literature. So, Steve was correct, but people saying polyvoltine probably bugs the hell out of fall webworm researchers.   Is permethrin related to beta-cypermethrin? Yes. They are closely related insecticides. Both belong to a group called synthetic pyrethroids, chemicals that interfere with the insect nervous system.   Is the fall webworm’s web hydrophobic? Maybe, but Bill couldn’t find a study that directly tested whether fall webworm silk itself is water-repellent. Looking through the research, the safest answer seems to be: the web clearly helps protect the colony from weather (like rain), but whether the silk itself is truly hydrophobic has not been clearly demonstrated.  Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Cannon, W.N. Jr. (1985) ‘Social feeding behavior of Hyphantria cunea larvae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in multiple choice experiments’, The Great Lakes Entomologist, 18(2). Cao, L.M., Wang, X.Y., Petrice, T.R. and Poland, T.M. (2024) ‘A checklist of the predators and parasitoids of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) from around the world’, ZooKeys, 1211, pp. 251–348. Chen, Q., Zhao, H., Wen, M., Li, J., Zhou, H., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., Du, L., Kang, H., Zhang, J., Cao, R., Xu, X., Zhou, J.-J., Ren, B. and Wang, Y. (2020) ‘Genome of the webworm Hyphantria cunea unveils genetic adaptations supporting its rapid invasion and spread’, BMC Genomics, 21, 242. Fitzgerald, T.D. (2015) ‘Temporal and spatial foraging behavior of the larvae of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea’, Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 2015, 359765. Ge, X., He, S., Zhu, C., Wang, T., Xu, Z. and Zong, S. (2019) ‘Projecting the current and future potential global distribution of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) using CLIMEX’, Pest Management Science, 75(1), pp. 160–169. Gomi, T. (2007) ‘Seasonal adaptations of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) following its invasion of Japan’, Ecological Research, 22(6), pp. 855–861. Jiang, H., Zhang, A.-Y., Tan, M.-T., Jiang, D. and Yan, S.-C. (2025) ‘The physical shelter constructed by the silk web of Hyphantria cunea: an important strategy to cope with high-temperature and pesticide stress’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 73(46), pp. 29435–29447. Li, H.-Y., Wei, K., Dang, Y.-Q. and Wang, X.-Y. (2026) ‘Climate warming and host plant species influence the potential voltinism of the invasive fall webworm Hyphantria cunea in China’, Pest Management Science, advance online publication. Liu, B., Zhang, W., Li, J., Sun, J. and Mang, D. (2026) ‘Olfactory-mediated chemotaxis toward a key host plant leaf volatile in the fall webworm’, Pest Management Science, 82, pp. 779–790. Lu, H., Huang, L.-L., Chen, L., Wu, S.-B., Xue, F.-S., Liu, X.-P. and He, H.-M. (2025) ‘Life-history responses of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea to temperature change: not following the temperature–size rule’, Ecology and Evolution, 15(10), e72225. Masaki, S., Umeya, K., Sekiguchi, Y. and Kawasaki, R. (1968) ‘Biology of Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in Japan. III. Photoperiodic induction of diapause in relation to the seasonal life cycle’, Applied Entomology and Zoology, 3(2), pp. 55–66. Mason, P.A., Wilkes, S.R., Lill, J.T. and Singer, M.S. (2011) ‘Abundance trumps quality: bi-trophic performance and parasitism risk fail to explain host use in the fall webworm’, Oikos, 120(10), pp. 1509–1518. Matsuura, T., Bangay, R. and Tuno, N. (2023) ‘Mild winter causes increased mortality in the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)’, Insects, 14(6), 534. Pan, L., Gao, W., Song, Z., Li, X., Wei, Y., Qin, G., Hu, Y., Sun, Z., Gao, C., Bai, P., Zhu, G., Wang, W. and Li, M. (2025) ‘Fall webworm host plant preferences generate a reduced predation enemy-free space in its interaction with parasitoids’, Insects, 16(8), 804. Rehnberg, B.G. (2002) ‘Heat retention by webs of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): infrared warming and forced convective cooling’, Journal of Thermal Biology, 27(6), pp. 525–530. Rehnberg, B.G. (2006) ‘Temperature profiles inside webs of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): influence of weather, compass orientation, and time of day’, Journal of Thermal Biology, 31(3), pp. 274–279. Schowalter, T.D. and Ring, D.R. (2017) ‘Biology and management of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)’, Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 8(1), 7, pp. 1–6. Sullivan, G.T. and Özman-Sullivan, S.K. (2012) ‘Tachinid (Diptera) parasitoids of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in its native North America and in Europe and Asia – a literature review’, Entomologica Fennica, 23(4), pp. 181–192. Surányi, P. (1948) ‘The fall webworm of North America in Europe’, Nature, 161, p. 512. Photo Credit Fall webworm caterpillar photo by Robert H. Burton. Public domain. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: https://www.fws.gov/media/fall-webworm-caterpillar

This episode, we’re stepping back to the golden age of natural history podcasting by resurrecting the format of the classic show Wild Ideas: The Podcast. Joining us on the trail is one of the OG hosts: the man himself, Gordon Maupin. It’s a 3-way team-up where each of us brings a heavy-hitting seasonal mystery to the table. First, Steve unravels the rule-breaking world of the Ambystoma polyploid salamander complex, where unisexual lineages are mixing up DNA from different species and blurring the lines of what makes a species a species. Then, Gordon shrinks things down to look at the world of duckweed ecology, a group that includes the smallest flowering plants in the world. Finally, Bill turns our eyes to the skies over the marsh to pull back the curtain on dragonfly migration, looking into the recent science that shows some dragonfly species are multi-generational continental travelers (as well as badass predators). Come listen in as Gordon and the guys answer the question, “What’s going on outside?” (Wild Ideas fans, that’s for you) This episode was reecorded at the Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge in Alabama, NY on May 13, 2026. Episode Links Check out the Iroquois National Wildlife Refige and their Bald Eagle Cam. Here’s the New York Times article about 7 Podcasts About the Joys of Bird Watching that includes a mention of our show. Episode Notes Getting The Great Egret’s Latin Name Right During a quick aside this episode, Gordon spotted a Great Egret and Steve tried to recall its scientific name, tentatively going with Erodea alba. He wasn't entirely wrong! The correct name is Ardea alba. While alba means "white," Ardea is Latin for "heron." It also ties back to the ancient myth by everyone’s favorite Roman poet Ovid, who wrote about a bird rising directly from the ashes of the burned city of Ardea.   What’s the Deal With Axolotls? We wondered if the axolotl is in the same genus as the Jefferson and blue spotted salamander (Ambystoma) and yes they are! Species: A. mexicanum (Axolotl) Unlike most members of Ambystomatidae—which typically metamorphose into terrestrial adults—the axolotl exhibits a trait called neoteny (or paedomorphosis). This is where an organism retains juvenile or larval traits into adulthood.  Axolotls retains its aquatic, larval features (like its signature feathery external gills) into adulthood and spends its entire life in the water   Bill’s Hard Claim on ID’ing Jefferson Salamanders Bill said there is no way we could tell if it was a Jefferson salamander: is that true? Bill was basically right if we’re talking about visually confirming a female-looking salamander in a blue-spotted/Jefferson overlap zone. Many unisexual individuals cannot be confidently identified by sight, and genetic testing is the clean answer. But during the breeding season, a male with a swollen cloaca is not part of the all-female unisexual lineage, so that can help narrow things down. So, a male in breeding condition can sometimes be identified much more confidently than a female/unisexual-looking animal, but you need to have serious knowledge about species location, morphology, and breeding-season characteristics.   The Jefferson Complex vs. the Bigger Unisexual Salamander Situation During the episode, Bill had a “wait, what are we even talking about?” moment while Steve was explaining the huge all-female/unisexual Ambystoma salamander lineage. Steve was talking about the big-picture version: a bizarre evolutionary group that can involve genomes from several mole salamander species, including Blue-spotted, Jefferson, Small-mouthed, Streamside, and Tiger Salamanders. Bill, though, was thinking what we hear more about in the Northeast and Great Lakes region: the “Jefferson complex,” or the Blue-spotted/Jefferson Salamander mess. Around here, that usually means you can’t usually ID a Jefferson Salamanders or a Blue-spotted Salamander down to species because the sally in front of you may belong to the all-female, polyploid lineage that can’t be confidently sorted out just by looking at them. So Bill’s question was basically: “Hold on. Is this identification nightmare only a Jefferson/Blue-spotted thing, or does it happen with the other species too?” And the answer is: yep. It can happen with the others too. The narrower Jefferson complex usually refers to the Blue-spotted/Jefferson part of the story, especially in places where those are the main overlapping species. But when scientists zoom out and include the other players (Small-mouthed, Streamside, and Eastern Tiger Salamanders) they usually refer to the whole thing as the unisexual Ambystoma lineage. So the practical field takeaway is this: in places where these species overlap, a female-looking Ambystoma salamander may be impossible to identify with confidence by appearance alone. Even experts may only be making an educated guess unless they use genetic testing. Measuring red blood cell size can help estimate ploidy (basically, whether the animal has extra chromosome sets) but DNA testing is the real way to know which genomes are actually in there.   Is Duckweed the Smallest Flowering Plant? Yes, but specifically a microscopic type of it. The world's smallest flowering plants belong to the genus Wolffia - Often referred to as "rootless duckweed" or "watermeal," they are the tiniest members of the duckweed family (Lemnaceae) Individual Wolffia plants are usually less than 1 mm long, roughly the size of a pinhead or cornmeal, and the flowers are correspondingly microscopic. Unlike standard duckweed (Lemna), Wolffia plants do not have roots and appear simply as tiny floating green spheres or oval seeds. The plant produces the world's smallest flower, which forms in a tiny depression on the plant's top surface. Because they are so small and have highly efficient asexual budding, they can easily cover a pond in dense mats before you ever notice an individual plant. Can be found across temperate and tropical regions of North, Central, and South America   Correction: Ed Yong’s An Immense World (UV, not Infrared) During the episode, Bill mentioned Ed Yong’s phenomenal book, An Immense World, and noted that researchers are increasingly discovering how many animals can see in the infrared spectrum. His memory slipped slightly on this one! Yong actually discusses the growing scientific realization that many animals see in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, not infrared. (Though as you'll see below, dragonflies do have a few tricks up their sleeves on the other end of the spectrum).   Gordon's Question: Infrared Vision & Dragonfly Mating Bill’s misremembering of what was in An Immense World was prompted by Gordon asking a fantastic question during the recording: Can dragonflies see in the infrared spectrum, and if they can, are they using it to navigate during migration? First, a quick clarification: when most of us hear “infrared,” we immediately picture thermal imaging — animals glowing in the dark, Predator vision, that whole thing. That is not what we’re talking about here. Dragonflies do not appear to see heat signatures. What they may be able to see is near-infrared — light just beyond the deepest red wavelengths visible to humans. Near-infrared is not heat vision. It is more like an invisible extension of red. According to a recent study published in January 2026 by researchers in Osaka, Japan, some dragonfly species have visual pigments that are sensitive to extremely long red wavelengths, possibly reaching into the near-infrared edge of the spectrum. That alone is pretty wild. But the discovery also highlights a striking example of parallel evolution between insects and primates. Millions of years ago, the ancestors of humans and other primates evolved molecular changes that helped produce red-sensitive vision. This new research suggests that some dragonflies may have independently evolved a similar molecular tuning mechanism for detecting red light. However, while primate red vision operates within the visible spectrum, some dragonflies appear to have pushed that sensitivity even farther, toward the boundary between deep red and near-infrared. So what are they doing with this ability? Probably not navigating migration, at least as far as we know. The better-supported idea is that this long-wavelength vision helps dragonflies identify mates quickly in flight. Male and female dragonflies can reflect red and near-infrared light differently, especially against green vegetation. So for an animal making split-second decisions while zipping around at high speed, that extra visual contrast could be a big deal. So to answer Gordon’s question, dragonflies may be seeing farther into the red/near-infrared edge of the spectrum than we can, but based on what researchers currently know, they’re probably using that ability for rapid sex recognition, not long-distance navigation. It’s more of a high-speed dragonfly dating filter than infrared GPS. The Missing Piece: Visual Cues and "Leading Lines" in Migration One big element Bill neglected to mention in covering how dragonfies navigate during migration is the VISUAL piece – that they also use what they’re seeing! That is a crucial piece of the puzzle. Dragonflies are also extremely visual animals. Those huge compound eyes are not just for decoration. So, what they’re seeing is likely a key piece in their migration toolbox. Migrating dragonflies are often observed moving along major landscape features: coastlines, mountain ridges, river valleys, and other long, continuous edges. Biologists sometimes refer to these kinds of features as leading lines, because they can help guide or funnel migrating animals across the landscape. That doesn’t mean a dragonfly is looking down and thinking, “Ah yes, the Susquehanna River. I’ll take this south.” But these landscape features can still matter in several ways. Coastlines can keep migran

Every now and then, a conservation opportunity comes along that you can't pass up. The Western NY Land Conservancy (WNYLC) is currently in a race to permanently protect the Bear Lake Preserve, 311 acres of undeveloped shoreline, mature forest, and an array of critical wetland habitats linked to the Lake. To break down what makes this property so special, the guys hit the trail with WNYLC Stewardship Director Josh Balisteri. He gives them a tour of the property, discussing the history and ecology of Bear Lake, the historical and global crisis of wetland loss, and why we need to start viewing the Great Lakes ecosystem through the lens of crucial "inland coasts." Head over to wnylc.org/bearlake to check out maps of the new preserve and support their work! This episode was recorded at Bear Lake in Stockton, NY (and Pomfret, NY) on May 18, 2026. Episode Notes and Links Lucy and Bear Lake: During the episode, Bill boldly threw out a bit of local lore suggesting that WNY’s favorite daughter, Lucille Ball, once stayed at a cottage on Bear Lake. He diligently searched online for any evidence that this was true, but came up empty. Lucy did grow up on the shores of nearby Chautauqua Lake in Celoron and spent many summers during the peak of her popularity escaping to Chenango Lake in eastern NY, but there is no official record of her hiding out at Bear Lake. Sorting Out Our Flight Paths: Later in the conversation, Bill referenced Darryl McGrath’s excellent book Flight Paths: A Field Journal of Hope, Heartbreak, and Miracles with New York's Bird People and misidentified Hemlock Lake as one of the state's first eagle hacking (establishment) sites. While Bill was correct in remembering that Hemlock Lake was mentioned in the book, he was confused about the context. In reality, Hemlock Lake played a far more poignant role: it was the home of the very last known native nesting pair of bald eagles in New York State. By the late 1970s, chemical contamination from DDT had devastated the population, and that lonely Hemlock Lake pair was all that remained of our national bird in the entire state. (The pioneering hacking program Bill was thinking of launched nearby at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge). Why the South Shore of Bear Lake Stayed Wild: A major piece of that puzzle comes down to local history: from the 1920s through the 1970s, the land was home to a vibrant YMCA camp, and local authors Bob and Anne Deming (who Josh mentioned as key people in aiding the effort to save Bear Lake) published a book mapping out the camp’s history. Originally inspired by a single chapter in their debut book, A History of Bear Lake (recently updated and re-released), they dove deeper into the archives to publish Camp in the Woods, a collection of photos and first-hand accounts from nearly 500 former campers and staff members. Find their books on Amazon: Bob and Anne Deming's Author & Book Page Read more about the project: New Book Recounts Stories from Y Camp in the Woods Special thanks to Andrew Gaerte, the Western New York Land Conservancy’s Director of Development and Communications, for sharing this history with us! Find out more about the Western NY Land Conservancy, including the Bear Lake Project and their Western NY Wildway. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Peterjohn, W.T. and Correll, D.L., 1984. Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: the role of a riparian forest. Ecology, 65(5), pp.1466-1475. Radomski, P. and Goeman, T.J., 2001. Consequences of human lakeshore development on emergent and floating-leaf vegetation abundance. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 21(1), pp.46-61. Schindler, D.E., Geib, S.I. and Williams, M.R., 2000. Patterns of fish growth along a gradient of shoreline development. Nature, 407(6801), pp.202-205. This episode’s photo is from the WNYLC’s Bear Lake Project page!

Something’s not right in the woods, at least if you’re a white-tailed deer. In this episode, the guys dig into chronic wasting disease (CWD), a strange illness reshaping deer populations in many areas of the Lower 48 (and Scandinavia!). It’s not caused by a virus or a bacteria, but it is related to mad cow disease. They break down what it is, how it spreads, what’s happening inside infected animals, and why it’s so dang hard to contain. The deer are not alright… and there’s a reason. This episode was recorded on April 23, 2026 at Walton Woods Park in Amherst, NY (a suburb of Buffalo). Episode Notes and Links ·         Are there different CWD strains in a single animal? Chronic wasting disease isn’t a single, uniform pathogen. It’s more like a shifting swarm. Infected deer can carry multiple prion “strains” at once, meaning different misfolded shapes of the same protein that behave in slightly different ways. They could spread through the body differently, build up in different tissues, and cause disease at different rates. Lab experiments show this most clearly: when CWD prions are passed through model systems, what looks like one strain can split into multiple distinct variants, or reveal that a mixed population was there all along (e.g., Angers et al. 2010 PNAS; Béringue et al. 2012 Journal of Virology; Li et al. 2010 Journal of Virology). In actual deer, the picture is harder to pin down, but studies comparing prions from different tissues and individuals show real strain diversity and suggest that more than one strain can exist within a single animal (e.g., Angers et al. 2009 Journal of Virology; Moore et al. 2016 Emerging Infectious Diseases). The takeaway is that CWD behaves less like a single disease agent and more like a moving target: a cloud of protein shapes, some dominant, some hidden in the background, that can shift over time, giving the disease more chances to adapt, persist, and potentially jump into new hosts. ·         Does repeated exposure to CWD reduce incubation time in deer? Repeated exposure to CWD prions does likely shortens incubation time, mainly because prion diseases are strongly dose-dependent. Higher cumulative exposure, whether from a single large dose or many smaller ones over time, can both increase the chance of infection and accelerate disease progression. Experimental studies in deer and elk show that animals exposed to higher or repeated doses tend to develop symptoms faster than those exposed once at low levels. In the wild, this likely plays out through repeated contact with contaminated environments like soil, plants, and carcass sites. That said, factors like genetics and prion strain can still influence how quickly the disease develops in any given animal. ·         Is CWD the only prion disease that affects wildlife? CWD is the only prion disease currently thriving as a self-sustaining epidemic in wild populations. The others mostly sit at the edges and are livestock diseases that occasionally spill into wildlife or appear in captive/wild interface cases. For example, scrapie occasionally “leaks” into the wild (it has been found in bighorn sheep), but it doesn’t take over. It flickers at the edges of livestock systems. Nothing like the landscape-level, self-sustaining spread we see with CWD. That’s what makes CWD so concerning: it’s not just present in wildlife, it seems to be built for it. ·         Steve talked about the possibility of vampire bats and wild hogs spreading CWD. What’s the story? There’s currently no evidence that vampire bats are spreading CWD, but the wild hog story has gotten more interesting recently. Blood-feeding bats like the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus) are often mentioned because prions can occur in blood at low levels, but there are no peer-reviewed studies showing bat-mediated transmission,  nor any field patterns linking bats to CWD spread. So the bat idea remains speculative. Wild hogs (Sus scrofa), on the other hand, have moved beyond pure theory. A recent peer-reviewed study (e.g., Soto et al. 2025 Emerging Infectious Diseases) detected low levels of CWD prion activity in free-ranging pigs in endemic areas, suggesting they can pick up and carry prions after scavenging infected carcasses. Combine this with earlier work showing prions can survive digestion and still remain infectious (e.g., Nichols et al. 2009 PLoS ONE), it all points to hogs as plausible mechanical vectors: in other words, organisms that can move infectious material without necessarily developing the disease themselves. The takeaway: vampire bats are still a biologically interesting but unsupported idea, while wild hogs are emerging as potential “messy middlemen,” capable of redistributing prions across the landscape, even if they’re not a primary engine of CWD transmission, which is still driven by deer-to-deer contact and long-lived environmental contamination. ·         Why doesn’t NYS do more free testing? New York doesn’t offer broad, free testing for every deer. Not because it’s ignoring CWD, but because it uses a more targeted, strategic approach. There are a few key constraints on broad, free testing: Cost & logistics: Each test isn’t just a swab. It involves lab processing (often PCR or amplification assays), trained staff, and sample handling. Scaling that to hundreds of thousands of deer is a major lift. Low prevalence (right now): When disease prevalence is near zero, mass testing tends to return very few positives, so agencies prioritize early detection in hotspots instead. Management strategy: Agencies often invest more in prevention (carcass transport rules, feeding bans, education) than broad surveillance. Hunter participation: “Free for all” testing can overwhelm systems unless tightly managed, and many states have learned that targeted programs get better data per dollar. So NYS is focusing its efforts on where they see it mattering most: high-risk areas, roadkills, sick/dead deer, and zones near known outbreaks—because testing every hunter-harvested deer statewide would be extremely expensive for relatively low yield in a state with no established CWD population. More info on NY’s response, as well as what’s happening nationally: The NYS Department of Environmental Conservation’s page on CWD (including information on how you can help, scroll down to “Members of the Public”) CWD in Captive Deer: DEC’s Response in 2024 Chronic Wasting Disease Detection and Management: What Has Worked and What Has Not? A report by the CWD Alliance, a nonprofit organization focused on education, coordination, and outreach around chronic wasting disease. It was created to bring together a mix of stakeholders: state wildlife agencies, federal partners, scientists, and hunting/conservation groups to help share reliable information and improve how CWD is managed across North America. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Bian, J., et al. (2022). Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease. Acta Neuropathologica Communications, 10, 149. Edmunds, D. R., Kauffman, M. J., Schumaker, B. A., Lindzey, F. G., Cook, W. E., Kreeger, T. J., Grogan, R. G., & Cornish, T. E. (2016). Chronic wasting disease drives population decline of white‑tailed deer. Ecology, 97(3), 620–632. Henderson, D. M., Denkers, N. D., Hoover, C. E., Garbino, N., Mathiason, C. K., & Hoover, E. A. (2015). Longitudinal Detection of Prion Shedding in Saliva and Urine by Chronic Wasting Disease-Infected Deer by Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion. Journal of virology, 89(18), 9338–9347. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01118-15 Küry, S., et al. (2023). The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease—A review. Pathogens, 12(3), 342. Miller, M. W., et al. (2024). U.S. Geological Survey science strategy to address chronic wasting disease. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1546. Monello, R. J., Powers, J. G., Hobbs, N. T., Spraker, T. R., O’Rourke, K. I., & Wild, M. A. (2014). Endemic chronic wasting disease causes mule deer population decline in Colorado. PLOS ONE, 9(10), e110353. Pirisinu, L., et al. (2024). Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease after adaptation in sheep. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(12). Sandberg, M. K., et al. (2022). Humanized transgenic mice are resistant to chronic wasting disease prions from reindeer and moose. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 226(5), 933–942. Saunders, S. E., Bartelt‑Hunt, S. L., & Bartz, J. C. (2012). Occurrence, transmission, and zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(3), 369–376. Visit thefieldguidespodcast.com for full episode notes, links, and works cited.

The Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) has wreaked ecological havoc on Guam since its accidental release in the years following WWII, playing a major role in the extinction of endemic bird species and causing trophic cascades that have rewired how the island’s forests function. But how did a population of millions come from just a handful of snakes? And how does this species continue to thrive after eliminating so much of its prey base? A soon-to-be-released study looked into the genome of this invasive species and uncovered some intriguing possibilities. In this episode, the guys welcome their special guest, Dr. Christopher Osborne, to discuss his study and its implications for species management. This episode was recorded on March 15, 2026 at Rollin T. Grant Gulf Wilderness Park in Lockport, NY, a place Bill has (jokingly) called “the armpit of WNY” despite its deep history and the fact that he’ll absolutely encourage you to check it out. Episode Notes and Links In the beginning of the episode, Steve said we would definitely, 100%, without doubt, cover something called Lewontin’s paradox. Well, we skipped it! The main idea behind the paradox is that genetic variation varies little among species, but population size varies massively. We would expect large populations to have a lot of genetic diversity, but we often find that they don’t. Population size doesn’t always scale with genetic diversity. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited A single preprint!Osborne, C.A., Foote, B.M., Fleck, S.J., Waterman, H.M., Chang, S.L., Nafus, M.G., Bellinger, M.R., Gray, L.N. and Krabbenhoft, T.J., 2026. Genomic Structural Variation Rescues a Classic Biological Invader from a Population Bottleneck. bioRxiv, pp.2026-01.https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/02/02/2026.01.30.702330.full.pdf Photo Credit Brown tree snake, USDA/APHIS, Public Domain, https://www.fws.gov/media/brown-tree-snake

It’s gator time, folks! It seems like we should’ve already covered this topic, but, nope, this is our first ever episode on the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), and we’ve got two ringers to help: Daniel returns (our Field Guide host who moved to Florida last year) and he’s joined by his mentor in all things swamp-related, Chip Campbell. Chip spent twenty years running Okefenokee Adventures, leading interpretive tours in the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, and his knowledge of alligator natural history and ecology runs deep. Thanks to our Patrons, this episode is also an on-the-road joint. The guys are deep in the Florida Everglades on a multi-day paddling trip, and they take a break at camp to talk with Chip about all things alligator — with a special focus on separating gator myths from reality. And, unfortunately for those of you crushing on Steve, this one’s 100% Steve-free. This episode was recorded on Dec. 31, 2025 at Watson’s Place campsite in Everglades National Park. Episode Notes and Links Alligators, metabolism, and the “dog comparison”During the episode, Chip mentioned a study suggesting that several alligators could be maintained on roughly the same caloric intake as a single dog. We were not able to locate a study that makes that specific numerical comparison. However, the underlying idea is strongly supported by research on alligator physiology: American alligators have extremely low metabolic rates compared to warm-blooded mammals because they are ectothermic and do not spend energy maintaining body temperature. Classic physiological work shows that adult alligators can have daily energy expenditures that are only a small fraction of those of similarly sized mammals, making informal comparisons like this directionally accurate even if the exact ratio is anecdotal rather than experimental. Source: Coulson, R. A. (1989). Biochemistry and physiology of alligator metabolism in vivo. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 29(3), 921–934. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/29.3.921 Freshwater “sipping” — the study behind the observation The behavior Chip describes is documented in a study by Nifong and Lowers, which examined how coastal alligators use estuarine habitats. The authors note that after heavy rainfall, a thin layer of freshwater can temporarily sit on top of saltier water, and alligators will take advantage of this by drinking from the surface. This helps them manage hydration and salt balance in brackish environments, despite lacking the salt-excreting glands found in crocodiles. Source: Nifong, J. C., & Lowers, R. H. (2017). Reciprocal intraguild predation between Alligator mississippiensis and elasmobranchs in the southeastern United States. Southeastern Naturalist, 16(3), 383–396. Alligator growth vs. ageChip addressed the myth that alligators continue to grow throughout their life. Echoing what he reported, research on American alligators shows that although hatchlings and juveniles grow rapidly, their rate of growth slows substantially as they get older, and studies indicate they reach near-maximum body size well before the end of their lives. Long-term data suggest many alligators stop adding significant length by roughly 25–35 years of age, and more recent work has revised the classic idea of indefinite growth toward a pattern of determinate growth with a growth plateau in adulthood. Human harvest of alligators in LouisianaAs Chip said, Louisiana supports the largest wild harvest program for the American alligator in the United States, with more than 2,000 licensed hunters routinely harvesting an estimated 30,000–35,000 wild alligators annually under a regulated tagging system. In contrast, other states such as Florida have had regulated harvest programs with substantially lower annual take.” Sources: Joanen et al. (2021), Evaluation of Effects of Harvest on Alligator Populations in Louisiana, Journal of Wildlife Management; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Alligator Annual Report (2019–2020); Hines (SEAFWA) status report on Florida alligators. Fatal Alligator Attacks In this episode, Chip discusses the history of fatal alligator-human conflicts, highlighting the 1973 Sharon Holmes incident as the first "fully confirmed" fatal attack in modern records. While the Holmes incident is often cited as the definitive first case, there was an earlier death that some consider to be the first modern fatality.  Historical records show why Chip’s reference to the Holmes case being the first “fully confirmed” case is accurate: Sharon Holmes (1973): On August 16, 1973, 16-year-old Sharon Holmes was killed while swimming at Oscar Scherer State Park. This is widely cited as the first fully confirmed fatality because of the absolute nature of the evidence: the attack was witnessed by bystanders, and a subsequent necropsy of the 11-foot 3-inch alligator found conclusive physical remains. This event marked a turning point in how state agencies, like the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), tracked and verified alligator-related deaths. Allen Rice (1957): While most official FWC lists of fatal attacks begin in 1973, the 1957 death of 9-year-old Allen Rice in Eau Gallie is often mentioned as an earlier case. However, it is technically categorized as presumed. Rice went missing while fishing, and though his body was recovered with injuries consistent with an alligator and a large gator was seen nearby, there were no direct witnesses to the strike.  Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for this and many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Coulson, R. A. (1989). Biochemistry and physiology of alligator metabolism in vivo. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 29(3), 921–934. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/29.3.921 James C. Nifong & Russell H. Lowers (2017). Reciprocal Intraguild Predation between American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and Elasmobranchii in the Southeastern United States. Southeastern Naturalist 16(3): 383–396. Joanen et al. (2021), Evaluation of Effects of Harvest on Alligator Populations in Louisiana, Journal of Wildlife Management; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Alligator Annual Report (2019–2020); Hines (SEAFWA) status report on Florida alligators. McIlhenny, E.A. (1935) The Alligator's Life History. Boston: The Christopher Publishing House. Photo Credit Thanks again Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for the amazing gator painting!

In this episode, Bill and Steve dive into a tiny, bustling world - a world that’s hiding on the feathers of the birds we see every day. Joining them is Dr. Alix Matthews, postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University at Buffalo, and she reveals the strange lives of feather mites — how these barely-visible hitchhikers feed and get around and whether or not they’re helping or hurting their avian hosts. This episode was recorded on September 4, 2025 at Walton Woods in Amherst, NY. Episode Notes and Links Check out Dr. Matthews’s website and research here. And watch a presentation on mites she did for Audubon Arkansas in October 2025. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Check out the Field Guides merch at our Teespring store. It’s really a great deal: you get to pay us to turn your body into a billboard for the podcast! Photo Credit Dr. Alix Matthews - https://matthewsalix.weebly.com/feather-mites.html

It’s part 2 of our dive into the Insect Apocalypse, with our good friend Dr. Jason Dombroskie from the Cornell University Insect Collection! In this part, Jason fills us in on the drivers of the Insect Apocalypse and - most importantly - what we can do about it. This episode was recorded on August 21, 2025 at Rattlesnake Hill Wildlife Management Area in Dalton, NY.. Episode Notes During the episode, we made the claim that 40 million acres of the US is lawn, and that that area is equal to all of the country’s National Parks put together. True? Well, sort of. The claim that the U.S. has about 40 million acres of lawn—roughly equal to all our national parks combined—is only partly true. A NASA-funded study led by Cristina Milesi estimated that turfgrass covers about 128,000 km² (≈31 million acres) of the continental U.S., making it the largest irrigated “crop” in the country (Milesi et al., Environmental Management, 2005; NASA Earth Observatory). Later analyses and popular summaries often round that up to ≈40 million acres (e.g., Scienceline, 2011; LawnStarter, 2023). By comparison, the total land area of all officially designated U.S. National Parks is about 52.4 million acres, while the entire National Park System—which also includes monuments, preserves, and historic sites—covers about 85 million acres (National Park Service, 2024). So while lawns and parks occupy areas of similar magnitude, lawns do not actually equal or exceed the combined area of the national parks. Is it better to mulch leaves on your lawn or leave them be? Here’s what we found: It’s generally best to mulch your leaves with a mower rather than rake or remove them. Research from Michigan State University found that mowing leaves into small pieces allows them to decompose quickly, returning nutrients to the soil and reducing weeds like dandelions and crabgrass (MSU Extension, “Don’t rake leaves — mulch them into your lawn”, 2012). Cornell University studies similarly show that mulched leaves improve soil structure, moisture retention, and microbial activity (Cornell Cooperative Extension, “Leaf Mulching: A Sustainable Alternative”, 2019). However, in garden beds, wooded edges, or under shrubs, it’s often better to leave leaves whole, since they provide winter habitat for butterflies, bees, and other invertebrates that overwinter in leaf litter (National Wildlife Federation, “Leave the Leaves for Wildlife”, 2020). The ideal approach is a mix: mow-mulch leaves on grassy areas for turf health and leave them intact where they naturally fall to support biodiversity and soil ecology. Episode Links The Cornell University Insect Collection Also, check out their great Instagram feed And their annual October event Insectapalooza Find out more about the recently discovered species of Swallowtail, Papilio solstitius, commonly known as the Midsummer Tiger Swallowtail- https://www.sci.news/biology/papilio-solstitius-13710.html Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Biesmeijer, J.C., Roberts, S.P., Reemer, M., Ohlemuller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A.P., Potts, S.G., Kleukers, R.J.M.C., Thomas, C.D. and Settele, J., 2006. Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science, 313(5785), pp.351-354.   Boyle, M.J., Bonebrake, T.C., Dias da Silva, K., Dongmo, M.A., Machado França, F., Gregory, N., Kitching, R.L., Ledger, M.J., Lewis, O.T., Sharp, A.C. and Stork, N.E., 2025. Causes and consequences of insect decline in tropical forests. Nature Reviews Biodiversity, pp.1-17.   Burghardt, K.T., Tallamy, D.W., Philips, C. and Shropshire, K.J., 2010. Non‐native plants reduce abundance, richness, and host specialization in lepidopteran communities. Ecosphere, 1(5), pp.1-22.   Colla, S.R. and Packer, L., 2008. Evidence for decline in eastern North American bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with special focus on Bombus affinis Cresson. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17(6), pp.1379-1391.   Crossley, M.S., Meier, A.R., Baldwin, E.M., Berry, L.L., Crenshaw, L.C., Hartman, G.L., Lagos-Kutz, D., Nichols, D.H., Patel, K., Varriano, S. and Snyder, W.E., 2020. No net insect abundance and diversity declines across US Long Term Ecological Research sites. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(10), pp.1368-1376.   DeWalt, R.E., Favret, C. and Webb, D.W., 2005. Just how imperiled are aquatic insects? A case study of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Illinois. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 98(6), pp.941-950.   Edwards, C.B., Zipkin, E.F., Henry, E.H., Haddad, N.M., Forister, M.L., Burls, K.J., Campbell, S.P., Crone, E.E., Diffendorfer, J., Douglas, M.R. and Drum, R.G., 2025. Rapid butterfly declines across the United States during the 21st century. Science, 387(6738), pp.1090-1094.   Gaona, F.P., Iñiguez-Armijos, C., Brehm, G., Fiedler, K. and Espinosa, C.I., 2021. Drastic loss of insects (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in urban landscapes in a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Insect Conservation, 25(3), pp.395-405.   Gardiner, M.M., Allee, L.L., Brown, P.M., Losey, J.E., Roy, H.E. and Smyth, R.R., 2012. Lessons from lady beetles: accuracy of monitoring data from US and UK citizen‐science programs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10(9), pp.471-476.   Groenendijk, D. and van der Meulen, J., 2004. Conservation of moths in The Netherlands: population trends, distribution patterns and monitoring techniques of day-flying moths. Journal of Insect Conservation, 8(2), pp.109-118.   Haddad, N.M., Haarstad, J. and Tilman, D., 2000. The effects of long-term nitrogen loading on grassland insect communities. Oecologia, 124(1), pp.73-84.   Hallmann, C.A., Sorg, M., Jongejans, E., Siepel, H., Hofland, N., Schwan, H., Stenmans, W., Müller, A., Sumser, H., Hörren, T. and Goulson, D., 2017. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE12 (10): e0185809   Hallmann, C.A., Ssymank, A., Sorg, M., de Kroon, H. and Jongejans, E., 2021. Insect biomass decline scaled to species diversity: General patterns derived from a hoverfly community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), p.e2002554117.   Harris, J.E., Rodenhouse, N.L. and Holmes, R.T., 2019. Decline in beetle abundance and diversity in an intact temperate forest linked to climate warming. Biological Conservation, 240, p.108219.   Hembry, D.H., 2013. Herbarium Specimens Reveal Putative Insect Extinction on the Deforested Island of Mangareva (Gambier Archipelago, French Polynesia). Pacific Science, 67(4), pp.553-560.   Høye, T.T., Loboda, S., Koltz, A.M., Gillespie, M.A., Bowden, J.J. and Schmidt, N.M., 2021. Nonlinear trends in abundance and diversity and complex responses to climate change in Arctic arthropods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), p.e2002557117.   Huryn, A.D. and Wallace, J.B., 2000. Life history and production of stream insects. Annual review of entomology, 45(1), pp.83-110.   Kawahara, A.Y., Reeves, L.E., Barber, J.R. and Black, S.H., 2021. Eight simple actions that individuals can take to save insects from global declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), p.e2002547117.   Leuenberger, W., Doser, J.W., Belitz, M.W., Ries, L., Haddad, N.M., Thogmartin, W.E. and Zipkin, E.F., 2025. Three decades of declines restructure butterfly communities in the Midwestern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(33), p.e2501340122.   Liang, M., Yang, Q., Chase, J.M., Isbell, F., Loreau, M., Schmid, B., Seabloom, E.W., Tilman, D. and Wang, S., 2025. Unifying spatial scaling laws of biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Science, 387(6740), p.eadl2373.   Lister, B.C. and Garcia, A., 2018. Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(44), pp.E10397-E10406.   Owens, A.C., Pocock, M.J. and Seymoure, B.M., 2024. Current evidence in support of insect-friendly lighting practices. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 66, p.101276.   Myers, L.W., Kondratieff, B.C., Grubbs, S.A., Pett, L.A., DeWalt, R.E., Mihuc, T.B. and Hart, L.V., 2025. Distributional and species richness patterns of the stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera) in New York State. Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, p.e158952.   Pilotto, F., Kühn, I., Adrian, R., Alber, R., Alignier, A., Andrews, C., Bäck, J., Barbaro, L., Beaumont, D., Beenaerts, N. and Benham, S., 2020. Meta-analysis of multidecadal biodiversity trends in Europe. Nature communications, 11(1), p.3486.   Pinkert, S., Farwig, N., Kawahara, A.Y. and Jetz, W., 2025. Global hotspots of butterfly diversity are threatened in a warming world. Nature Ecology & Evolution, pp.1-12.   Raven, P.H. and Wagner, D.L., 2021. Agricultural intensification and climate change are rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), p.e2002548117.   Rodrigues, A.V., Rissanen, T., Jones, M.M., Huikkonen, I.M., Huitu, O., Korpimäki, E., Kuussaari, M., Lehikoinen, A., Lindén, A., Pietiäinen, H. and Pöyry, J., 2025. Cross‐Taxa Analysis of Long‐Term Data Reveals a Positive Biodiversity‐Stability Relationship With Taxon‐Specific Mechanistic Underpinning. Ecology Letters, 28(4), p.e70003.   Salcido, D.M., Forister, M.L., Garcia Lopez, H. and Dyer, L.A., 2020. Loss of dominant caterpillar genera in a protected tropical forest. Scientific reports, 10(1), p.422.   Sánchez-Bayo, F. and Wyckhuys, K.A., 2019. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological conservation, 232, pp.8-27.   Schowalter, T.D., Pandey, M., Presley, S.J., Willig, M.R. and Zimmerman, J.K., 2021. Arthropods are not declining but are responsive to disturbance in the Luquillo Experi

The guys are back in the field with our good friend Dr. Jason Dombroskie from the Cornell University Insect Collection! Listen in as Jason leads us through fields and forests, trusty butterfly net in hand, filling us in on the so-called “Insect Apocalypse.” Are insect populations really collapsing worldwide? What do the numbers say? How bad is it, and — most importantly — what can we do about it? In this part, we head out on the trail with Jason. He introduces us to some insects we find along the way and schools us on why insects are so important, and in part two – he delves into the details of the insect apocalypse – what we know and what we don’t know. And since we feel bad that you can’t see what we got to see – we bring back a little trick we had in our last episodes with Jason – each time we find a critter listen for the sound of a camera shutter. That’s the signal to visit this episode’s page on our website – thefieldguidespodcast.com -  we’ll have photos there timestamped so you can see what we’re looking at, along with some extra info. Enjoy… This episode was recorded on August 21, 2025 at Rattlesnake Hill Wildlife Management Area in Dalton, NY.. Episode Notes Steve said he heard that there are more species of just weevils than there are of fish. Is that true? At one point in the episode Steve mentioned he’d heard there are more species of weevils than there are of fish. I looked it up, and he’s right! Scientists have described around 60–70,000 weevil species, with the real total likely over 100,000, while all the fish in the world come in at about 35,000 species. So as surprising as it sounds, Steve’s claim checks out—the humble weevil family really does outnumber all the fish. It was also mentioned that some insects are only known from a single specimen in a collection and have never been seen again in the wild. We looked for a study and found a large one from 2018 that looked at more than 800,000 insect species – it found that about one in five—around 19%—are described from a single specimen and never collected again (Lim et al., Current Biology, 2018). It really shows how much of insect diversity is still barely known. Pollard Walk - During the episode Bill asked about something called a Pollard Walk. That’s actually a standard insect survey method. The idea is simple: you walk a fixed route—usually the same path each time—at a steady pace and record every insect you see within a certain distance, often about 2.5 meters on each side. It’s kind of like a birding “point count,” but moving. The method, named after Eric Pollard who developed it in the 1970s for butterfly monitoring, is still one of the most widely used ways scientists track insect populations over time. Visit thefieldguidespodcast.com for full episode notes, links, and works cited.

Part 2 of our time in the woods with naturalist Sandy Geffner. This time, Sandy leads Steve and Bill on a “hike”—though with Sandy, the word takes on a different meaning. You might not cover much distance, but you’ll travel miles in understanding: exploring ecology and hearing stories of the forest and the wildlife within it. Enjoy! This episode was recorded on July 21, 2025 at JP Nicely Memorial Park in West Falls, NY. Episode Notes and Links Sandy’s favorite books: A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold and Finding the Mother Tree by Suzanne Simard. But we feel that we have to call ourselves out here because we’ve been critical of Simard’s work before and maybe we should’ve brought this up with Sandy during the episode (but we obviously didn’t have the stones). For a deep dive into some of the criticisms of Simard’s word, check out the In Defense of Plants podcast’s series of episodes that starts here. Or this article by three professors who’ve spent their careers studying forest fungi. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Photo Credit The Natural Side of UB by Robby Johnson

What exactly is a “naturalist”? Spend a little time with Sandy Geffner, and you’ll find out. Steve and Bill rarely go more than an episode or two without mentioning him—a naturalist who profoundly shaped both their lives. This month, they head into the woods to talk with Sandy about how a baseball-loving kid from Long Island became someone who’s inspired countless people to deepen their connection with the natural world. This episode was recorded on July 21, 2025 at JP Nicely Memorial Park in West Falls, NY. Episode Notes and Links Earth Spirit Educational Services Rogers Environmental Center The State University of NY at Buffalo’s Dept. of Environment and Sustainability Sandy’s UB Faculty Page Santee Sioux Reservation Stony Kill Farm Environmental Education Center Tifft Nature Preserve Cayuga Nature Center / Treetops Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Photo Credit SUNY at Buffalo

It’s hard to believe, but we’re doing another episode on fish! This time around, Steve introduces us to the Sturgeon (family Acipenseridae), from their dinosaur-era origins to their caviar-fueled scandals (did you know Beluga caviar comes from Sturgeon? Bill didn’t either). So strap in as the guys touch on Sturgeon, for the very first time. This episode was recorded on June 29, 2025 at Eighteenmile Creek County Park in Hamburg, NY. Episode Notes and Links Coming soon! Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Coming soon… Photo Credit Beluga Sturgeon (Huso huso) photo by Максим Яковлєв. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_(Huso_huso).jpg

In this special bonus episode we're crossing over with The Spark Bird Podcast! (@sparkbirdproject) Bill joins one of the hosts of the Spark Bird Project podcast, Jenn Lodi-Smith, to go birding in Buffalo’s historic Forest Lawn Cemetery, sharing spark bird stories, conservation efforts for migration, and the joy of birding in community. You’ll also hear reflections from folks at the Feminist Bird Club of Buffalo (@fbc.buf) May the Spark Be with You outing, all recorded on-site at Forest Lawn Cemetery. This episode is a celebration of connection, accessibility, conservation, and the shared love of birds that brings us all together. This episode was recorded on May 4, 2025 at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, NY. Episode Notes and Links The Spark Bird Project The Spark Bird Podcast The Femenist Bird Club Buffalo Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Visit thefieldguidespodcast.com for full episode notes, links, and works cited.

Bill and Steve return for the second part of their look into the Dawn Chrous, that early morning explosion of bird song that refuses to let you sleep in. This episode was recorded on April 20, 2025 at Majors Park in East Aurora, NY. Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Works Cited Gil, D. and Llusia, D., 2020. The bird dawn chorus revisited. Coding strategies in vertebrate acoustic communication, pp.45-90. American Redstart vocalizations used in the episode were from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s YouTube page. Photo Credit The doubly deeply disturbing image that graces this episode was generated by AI in Canva.

Bill and Steve look into the Dawn Chrous, that early morning explosion of bird song that refuses to let you sleep in. And, for all you Daniel-haters out there, this episode is 100% Daniel-free (but Bill and Steve are both crying on the inside. We miss Daniel buckets, and we're betting you do, too). This episode was recorded on April 10, 2025 at the California Road Rereation Area in Orchard Park, NY. Episode Notes and Links Are there orioles in China? Bill shared the classic Chinese poem from the Tang Dynasty (~600–900 CE) - the one called "Feelings on Awakening from Drunkenness on a Spring Day" by Li Bai, and Steve wondered:  Are there Orioles in China. Turns out that, yes, there are, and they’re more oriole-y (?) than ours! That’s because our New World orioles, like the one we’re betting you’re thinking of right now (the well-known orange and black Baltimore Oriole) belong to the family Icteridae and are not closely related to Old World orioles. Instead, they’re closely related to blackbirds and meadowlarks, fellow family members in the Icteridae. Old world orioles in Europe and Asia, on the other hand, belong to the family Oriolidae. Our orioles were named after them because of the similarities to the old world orioles in behavior, diet, and appearance, but, despite the similarities – these families are not closely related. The similarities evolved independently due to convergent evolution (when species develop similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures). So, yes, Steve, there are orioles in China, but it’s tough to say for sure which oriole Li Bai heard in his drunken stupor because Birds of China reports seven species found throughout the country, and, as we pointed out, given Li Bai’s state, maybe the bird was only in his head. Is there a Thorpe’s Law? When Bill mentioned William Thorpe, a British biologist and ornithologist, Steve thought he recalled there was an ecological law or concept credited to Thorpe. Bill scoured the Internet, but the closest thing he could find was Taylor's power law, an empirical law in ecology that relates the variance of the number of individuals of a species per unit area of habitat to the corresponding mean by a power law relationship. If that made sense to you, Bill asks if you could kindly explain it to him. bird Can someone look at a sound spectrograph and identify the bird? The guys wondered if a sound researcher looking at sound spectrographs (visual representations of bird song) could get good enough to know what bird they’re looking at just by the visual? An internet search was inconclusive- a lot of sites talk about using the spectrographs as an aid to get better at understanding and ID’ing bird song, but we couldn’t find any that specifically addressed this question. We’ve emailed some bird biologists and we’ll update these notes when we hear back! Social Monogamy vs. Sexual Monogamy: Steve talked about how he’d heard that even in species that bond for life, members of the pair will still seek out other mates. True? First, let’s make a distinction that Steve alluded to in the episode: that is, social vs. sexual monogamy. In birds, "monogamy" often refers to a social bond, where a pair stays together and raises offspring together. However, this doesn't necessarily mean they are sexually faithful to each other. So, socially monogamous doesn’t equal sexual monogamy. Looking in to this, we landed on a passage in The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior – a birder’s bible if there is one – it reports: “90 percent of all bird species are socially monogamous, but some level of cheating is common. Cheating, or “extra-pair copulation” also occurs, but rarely, among birds of sexually monogamous, mated-for-life species, “but is not yet known how many species engage in extra-pair copulations, since many species remain to be studied. However, it appears that genetic monogamy may be the exception rather than the rule among birds.” Sponsors and Ways to Support Us Gumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons) Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our episodes. Support us on Patreon. Check out the Field Guides merch at our Teespring store. It’s really a great deal: you get to pay us to turn your body into a billboard for the podcast! Works Cited Gil, D. and Llusia, D., 2020. The bird dawn chorus revisited. Coding strategies in vertebrate acoustic communication, pp.45-90. Greives, T.J., Kingma, S.A., Kranstauber, B., Mortega, K., Wikelski, M., van Oers, K., Mateman, A.C., Ferguson, G.A., Beltrami, G. and Hau, M., 2015. Costs of sleeping in. Functional Ecology, 29(10), pp.1300-1307. Staicer, C.A., Spector, D.A. and Horn, A.G., 1996. The dawn chorus and other diel patterns in acoustic signaling. Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds, pp.426-453. Dawn Chorus sounds used in the beginning of the episode: “Dawn Chorus in Tompkins County, New York” posted by the Cayuga Bird Club https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zZtjYQUgaQ Photo Credit The deeply disturbing image that graces this episode was generated by AI in Canva.