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What if cognitive decline isn't always a one-way street? For decades, the conventional approach to Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment has focused largely on slowing progression. But emerging research is challenging that assumption—and raising important questions about what may be possible when we address the multiple factors contributing to brain dysfunction. In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald welcomes Dr. Dale Bredesen and Dr. Kat Toups to discuss their recently completed randomized controlled trial investigating a personalized, systems-based approach to cognitive decline. The nine-month study enrolled 73 participants across six sites and reported significant improvements in several measures of cognitive function, including memory, processing speed, and overall neurocognitive performance. The conversation goes beyond the headline results to examine the metabolic, inflammatory, hormonal, infectious, and environmental factors that may contribute to cognitive impairment. They also explore a surprising finding: cognitive improvements were not accompanied by equally dramatic changes in traditional Alzheimer's blood biomarkers, raising questions about how we measure meaningful recovery. From ketogenic nutrition and exercise to sleep optimization, hormone health, targeted testing, and multidisciplinary coaching, Drs. Bredesen and Toups share the clinical thinking behind their precision medicine protocol, what the trial revealed, and what researchers still need to understand. For clinicians working in functional medicine, brain health, and longevity—and anyone interested in the evolving science of Alzheimer's prevention and cognitive health—this episode offers a compelling look at the possibilities and remaining questions surrounding personalized interventions for cognitive decline. In this episode of New Frontiers, learn about: A New Randomized Trial for Cognitive Decline: What a nine-month, 73-participant study revealed about personalized precision medicine, including improvements in memory, processing speed, and overall cognitive function compared with standard care.Reversing Cognitive Decline vs. Slowing Progression: Why Drs. Bredesen and Toups believe a systems-based approach may offer opportunities beyond conventional symptom management—and what the results do and don't establish.The Alzheimer's Biomarker Paradox: Why substantial cognitive improvements occurred without equally significant changes in amyloid-related and other blood biomarkers, including p-tau217, GFAP, and neurofilament light.The Hidden Contributors to Cognitive Impairment: How metabolic dysfunction, chronic inflammation, infections, environmental toxins, and other potential treatment targets were evaluated within the study's personalized protocol.Nutrition, Exercise, and Sleep for Brain Health: How a plant-rich ketogenic diet, aerobic and resistance exercise, sleep apnea screening, glucose monitoring, and cognitive training were incorporated into the intervention.Hormones, Menopause, and Cognitive Function: Why estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and other hormones were considered important components of the protocol, particularly in the context of age-related cognitive changes.Infections, Mold, and Environmental Exposures: What the investigators observed when evaluating herpesviruses, tick-borne infections, mycotoxins, heavy metals, and other exposures—and why more analysis is needed to determine their individual contributions.The Role of Health Coaching and Personalized Care: Why nutritionists, exercise specialists, health coaches, and trained clinicians were essential to implementing a complex intervention and supporting patient adherence.The Future of Alzheimer's Prevention and Precision Medicine: How early cognitive assessment, individualized treatment, additional research, and integration into healthcare systems could reshape approaches to brain health and healthy aging. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ *GUEST DETAILS* Dr. Dale Bredesen Dr. Dale Bredesen received his undergraduate degree from Caltech and his medical degree from Duke. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Nobel laureate Prof. Stanley Prusiner, and then held faculty positions at UCSF, UCLA, and UCSD. He was the Founding President and CEO of the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, and his laboratory studied mechanisms of neurodegeneration and published over 230 scientific papers, leading to the first publication of the reversal of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease and two successful clinical trials. He is the author of three New York Times bestsellers and is currently the Senior Director of the first precision medicine program for neurodegenerative diseases at the Pacific Neuroscience Institute, and Chief Scientific Officer at Apollo Health. Dr. Kat Toups Dr. Kat Toups is a board-certified neuropsychiatrist, Distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, and IFM Certified Practitioner specializing in geriatric psychiatry and cognitive decline, with nearly four decades of clinical experience. She is Principal Investigator of the Evanthea and Four Winds Precision Medicine Dementia Reversal Trials and has served as principal investigator or lead investigator on more than 100 clinical trials, including over 20 focused on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. She previously held academic and leadership appointments at the University of California, Davis, including Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Chief of Inpatient Psychiatry at the VA, and Residency Training Site Director at David Grant Medical Center. Dr. Toups’ work focuses on systems-based, personalized approaches to brain health, integrating metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, immune, hormonal, vascular, toxic, and lifestyle contributors to cognitive decline. In collaboration with Dr. Dale Bredesen and colleagues, her research has explored multimodal approaches to improving cognitive function in early impairment. She is a frequent invited and keynote speaker at national and international medical conferences and is actively engaged in advancing precision medicine approaches to cognitive and psychiatric disorders. *THANKS TO OUR DIAMOND SPONSORS* *Biotics Research:* https://www.bioticsresearch.com/ *Time—Line Nutrition:* http://pro.timeline.com/ *DUTCH:* https://dutchtest.com/for-providers *THANKS TO OUR GOLD SPONSORS* Mira: learn.miracare.com/DRKF Solaray: https://solaray.com/ FullScript Journeys: www.fullscript.com/journeys-kara *CONNECT with DrKF* Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: a...

Sauna is everywhere in the longevity conversation, but are all saunas actually doing the same thing? In this episode, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald sits down with Sunlighten co-founder Connie Zack to unpack the science of infrared sauna vs. traditional Finnish sauna, how different wavelengths of infrared and red light interact with the body, and what the research suggests about cardiovascular health, mitochondrial function, recovery, metabolism, and healthy aging. They explore the important distinction between heat therapy and light therapy, including far-, mid-, and near-infrared wavelengths and red light, why wavelength, dose, and proximity matter, and how these modalities may be used together. They also discuss practical sauna protocols, including how long and how often to use infrared sauna, and why hotter isn't necessarily better. In this episode, you'll learn: How infrared sauna differs from traditional Finnish saunaWhy heat therapy and light therapy affect the body differentlyThe differences between far-, mid-, and near-infrared lightHow near-infrared and red light interact with mitochondria and cellular energyWhat research suggests about infrared sauna and cardiovascular functionEmerging research on photobiomodulation and metabolic healthHow long and how often to use infrared saunaWhy hydration, minerals, dose, and personalization matterWhether combining infrared heat with near-infrared and red light may offer additional benefits Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ *GUEST DETAILS* Connie Zack is the co-founder of Sunlighten. After witnessing her brother’s health transformation through infrared therapy, she and her husband, Aaron, left careers in pharmaceuticals to focus on infrared light and heat. Over more than 25 years, Connie has become a leading expert in the field, working alongside researchers and clinicians to advance understanding of how infrared therapy can support healthspan and whole-person wellness. *THANK YOU TO OUR SPONSOR* Sunlighten https://www.sunlighten.com/partner-savings/?utm_source=DrKaraFitzgerald&utm_medium=Partner&leadsource=DrKaraFitzgerald&utm_content=blog *CONNECT with DrKF* Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

In this episode of New Frontiers, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald sits down with longevity physician Dr. David Barzilai to separate promising science from hype and explore where the field of longevity medicine is headed. They discuss the evolution of biological age testing, including DunedinPACE and other aging clocks, and why these tools can provide useful information without telling the whole story. They also explore how AI and emerging technologies could transform personalized medicine, helping clinicians better identify which interventions may actually benefit an individual. You’ll also hear why the fundamentals still matter, how to think critically about the growing number of supplements and longevity “hacks,” and which emerging interventions deserve attention as the science evolves. In this episode, you’ll learn: - What biological age and aging clocks can—and can’t—tell us - How to distinguish promising longevity science from hype - Why slowing the rate of aging may matter more than chasing a biological age number - How AI could change personalized longevity medicine - Why individualized diet, exercise, sleep, and other foundational interventions still come first - How clinicians can evaluate emerging longevity therapies without getting ahead of the evidence - Where longevity and geroscience may be headed next If you’re interested in biological aging, healthspan, precision medicine, or the future of longevity science, this conversation offers a practical look at what we know today—and what may be coming next. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Dr. David Barzilai, MD, PhD, MBA, MS, DipABLM* is a longevity medicine physician, Harvard Medical School Lecturer, and founder and CEO of Barzilai Longevity Consulting. He specializes in precision, evidence-based strategies to extend healthspan and improve long-term health outcomes. A Diplomate of the American Board of Lifestyle Medicine and faculty member at the Geneva College of Longevity Science, Dr. Barzilai integrates nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress management, and emerging therapeutics into personalized longevity strategies. He works with individuals, clinicians, and organizations worldwide to translate cutting-edge longevity research into practical applications. THANKS TO OUR DIAMOND SPONSORS Biotics Research: https://www.bioticsresearch.com/ Time—Line Nutrition: http://pro.timeline.com/ DUTCH: https://dutchtest.com/for-providers THANKS TO OUR GOLD SPONSORS FullScript Journeys: www.fullscript.com/journeys-kara Mira: learn.miracare.com/DRKF Solaray: https://solaray.com/ *CONNECT with DrKF* Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald sits down with neuroscientist and mitochondrial health researcher Dr. Siobhan Mitchell to explore emerging research on mitochondrial dysfunction, aging, and longevity. They discuss how mitochondria change as we age, how mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to chronic inflammation and age-related disease, and why supporting mitochondrial health could be an important strategy for extending healthspan. The conversation explores the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and biological aging, inflammation, cardiovascular and metabolic health, cognitive decline, and chronic disease. Dr. Mitchell also discusses emerging biomarkers of mitochondrial stress, including GDF-15, and what they may reveal about mitochondrial health and aging trajectories. Dr. Fitzgerald and Dr. Mitchell also examine practical and emerging approaches to supporting mitochondrial function, including creatine, NAD+ precursors, S-equol, exercise, and targeted mitochondrial support, along with research on vascular function, cellular energy production, and mitochondrial DNA damage. In this episode, you’ll learn: How mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to inflammation and accelerated aging Why mitochondrial DNA damage could play a role in chronic disease What GDF-15 may reveal about mitochondrial stress and aging How creatine supports cellular and brain energy The connection between estrogen, S-equol, and mitochondrial health What emerging research says about NAD+ precursors and aging How targeted mitochondrial support may influence vascular health, exercise recovery, and cellular function Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Dr Siobhan Mitchell PhD., MitoQ Chief Scientific Officer Holding a PhD in neuroscience from SUNY Albany, Siobhan Mitchell has also completed a post-doctoral fellowship on brain aging at the University of Washington. She has over 15 years of clinical research experience, seven patents on mood and cognitive food products, and has authored over 50 papers on aging, brain health, nutrition, metabolic health and more. With a personal passion for brain aging research, Siobhan has worked on metabolic and skin health, appetite, sports physiology and of cellular health – which she now focuses on as the Chief Scientific Officer for research-backed cellular health company, MitoQ – creators of the world’s first mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. THANKYOU TO OUR SPONSOR MitoQ mitoq.com/partner *CONNECT with DrKF* Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

GLP-1 receptor agonists have transformed weight loss and metabolic health—but what are we overlooking? In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald is joined by Dr. Sanjay Bhojraj and Dr. Alexis Gonzales to explore the clinical tradeoffs of GLP-1 therapy, including lean muscle preservation, nutrient status, weight regain, and long-term metabolic health. The conversation also examines SiPore, an engineered silica-based intervention that works locally in the GI tract to slow the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates and fats. Dr. Fitzgerald and her guests discuss findings from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled SHINE trial, including outcomes related to A1c, visceral fat, waist circumference, cholesterol, and lean mass. They also explore how CGMs can reveal post-meal glucose patterns, why muscle preservation matters during weight loss, and how clinicians can support patients transitioning off GLP-1 medications—including those preparing for pregnancy, IVF, or surgery. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Sanjay Bhojraj, MD, FACC is an interventional cardiologist and Fellow of the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine specializing in cardiometabolic health, longevity medicine, and precision cardiovascular prevention. He’s the founder of the Laguna Institute of Functional Medicine. His programs focus on reversing metabolic dysfunction, improving resilience, and reducing cardiovascular risk through lifestyle optimization and advanced diagnostic testing. Dr. Alexis Gonzales ("Dr. G") is OvationLab’s Senior Clinical Implementation and AI Specialist, translating breakthrough research into practical clinical workflows, and holds advanced degrees in biochemistry (Saint Mary’s), biotechnology (Johns Hopkins), and naturopathic medicine (Bastyr). She provides concierge functional-medicine care at her private practice in California—focusing on endometriosis, fertility, PCOS, and menopause—while distilling emerging research into practical frameworks at conferences to make integrative solutions accessible. http://sigridpro.com/DRKF THANK YOU TO OUR SPONSOR SIGRID http://sigridpro.com/DRKF *CONNECT with DrKF* Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

Longevity medicine is expanding beyond biological age, biomarkers, and emerging technology. In this special episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald shares four thought-provoking conversations exploring the science, clinical tools, and deeply human questions shaping the future of healthspan. Dr. Dale Bredesen and Dr. Kat Toups discuss preliminary findings from their six-site randomized controlled trial evaluating a personalized precision medicine approach to cognitive decline, including changes in cognitive performance, neuroplasticity, and Alzheimer’s-related biomarkers. Peter Diamandis explores AI, exponential technologies, and the future of medicine—while considering whether technological advances could ever replace the foundational role of diet, movement, sleep, and lifestyle. Dr. Aviva Romm examines the evolving understanding of PCOS, reproductive health as a vital sign, and the metabolic, hormonal, inflammatory, environmental, and psychosocial factors influencing women’s health across the lifespan. Stanford-trained physician and public health advocate Dr. Casey Means joins Dr. Fitzgerald for a thought-provoking reflection on what it means to be human. She also speaks on pregnancy, birth, public scrutiny, health beyond biomarkers, and the roles of equanimity, stewardship, connection, and meaning in a well-lived life. Join Dr. Kara Fitzgerald and more than 30 leading clinicians, researchers, and educators for the free Functional Medicine IS Longevity Medicine Masterclass, live September 18–19, 2026. Register here: https://functionalmedicineislongevitymedicine.com If this episode expands how you think about longevity or patient care, share it with a colleague and join the conversation in the comments. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ Website: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/virtual-masterclass-for-clinicians/ THANKS TO OUR DIAMOND SPONSORS Time—Line Nutrition: http://pro.timeline.com/ DUTCH: https://dutchtest.com/for-providers Biotics Research: https://www.bioticsresearch.com/ THANKS TO OUR GOLD SPONSORS FullScript Journeys: www.fullscript.com/journeys-kara Equelle: equelle.com Mira: learn.miracare.com/DRKF *CONNECT with DrKF* Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald is joined by Dr. Emily Stone Rydbom, Dr. Leslie Stone, and Dr. Kalea Wattles to explore the science of preconception health, fertility, epigenetics, and chronic disease prevention. Learn how maternal nutrition, mitochondrial health, methylation, the microbiome, inflammation, and environmental exposures influence fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and lifelong health through the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework. Topics include: • Why chronic disease risk may begin before conception • Epigenetics, methylation, folate, and MTHFR • Mitochondrial health and fertility • Functional medicine approaches to infertility and pregnancy • The future of AI and precision medicine in reproductive healthcare Whether you're a healthcare practitioner, planning a pregnancy, or simply interested in functional medicine and precision health, this episode offers practical, science-backed insights into improving health across generations. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Emily Stone Rydbom, MDH, BCHN, CNP is a Board Certified Holistic Nutritionist specializing in functional and precision nutrition for maternal, pediatric, and chronic disease care. She is co-founder of GrowBaby, an integrated OB–nutrition care model, and partners with healthcare systems to deliver genomics- and biomarker-informed maternal health programs. Leslie Stone, MD is a Board Certified Family Practice Obstetrician with fellowship training in Surgical Obstetrics. A co-founder of GrowBaby and principal investigator of the ROOT Study, she has spent more than a decade integrating functional medicine into evidence-based obstetric care, delivering over 5,000 babies throughout her career. Kalea Wattles, ND, IFMCP is a naturopathic physician, certified functional medicine practitioner, and founder of Functional Fertility. She specializes in unexplained infertility, preconception optimization, and fertility over 35, translating the latest reproductive medicine research into practical, personalized care. Website: www.growbabyhealth.com / www.growhealth.co / www.growbabylifeproject.org https://www.drkaleawattles.com THANKS TO OUR DIAMOND SPONSORS Biotics Research: https://www.bioticsresearch.com/ Time—Line Nutrition: http://pro.timeline.com/ DUTCH: https://dutchtest.com/for-providers THANKS TO OUR GOLD SPONSORS Mira: https://learn.miracare.com/DRKF Fullscript Journeys: www.fullscript.com/journeys-kara Equelle: equelle.com *CONNECT with DrKF* Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

Can skincare influence healthy aging beyond reducing fine lines and wrinkles? In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald welcomes Carolina Reis Oliveira, PhD, CEO and co-founder of OneSkin, for a science-based discussion on cellular senescence, skin aging, and the connection between skin health and longevity. Carolina explains the research behind OneSkin's OS-01 peptide, developed after screening more than 900 peptides to identify one that targets senescent ("zombie") cells. These aging cells contribute to inflammation, collagen loss, impaired skin barrier function, and visible skin aging. Together, they explore the latest research on biological skin age, skin inflammation, barrier repair, collagen production, sensitive skin, retinol, microneedling, hair thinning, scar recovery, and the effects of GLP-1–associated weight loss on skin health. They also discuss why testing complete skincare formulations matters and how longevity science is shaping the future of skincare. Whether you're a clinician, skincare professional, or simply interested in healthy aging, this episode offers an evidence-informed look at where longevity science and skincare intersect. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Dr. Carolina Reis Oliveira* is the CEO and co-founder of OneSkin and a longevity scientist with a Ph.D. in stem cell biology and tissue engineering. Her company develops groundbreaking products to reverse skin aging by targeting senescent cells, one of the central drivers of aging. THANKS TO OUR SPONSOR OneSkin: https://www.oneskin.co/ OneSkin is designed to enhance how skin functions, so it stays healthier and more resilient as you age. For a limited time, you can try OneSkin for 15% off with code DRKF a http://oneskin.co/DRKF CONNECT with DrKF Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

Hormones are about far more than hot flashes. In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald is joined by urologist and hormone expert Dr. Kelly Casperson for a conversation that challenges conventional thinking about menopause, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and healthy aging. Dr. Casperson explains why menopause may be better understood as a form of hypogonadism, shares the story behind the removal of the FDA's black box warning on vaginal estrogen, and explores the latest evidence on estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone therapy for women. Topics include: • Vaginal estrogen and the FDA black box warning • The lasting impact of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) • Estrogen, brain health, and mitochondrial function • Testosterone therapy for women: science and misconceptions • Hormone therapy after age 60 • Patient education, body literacy, and informed decision-making • Exercise, sleep, alcohol reduction, and other foundations of healthy aging Whether you're a functional medicine practitioner or someone interested in menopause, longevity, and women's health, this evidence-based conversation offers practical insights and a fresh perspective on hormone care. Show notes and references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Dr. Kelly Casperson is a board-certified urologic surgeon,CEO and founder of The Casperson Clinic, a modern practice dedicated to hormones and sex medicine, renowned public speaker, sex educator, and host of the top-ranking podcast You Are Not Broken. Dedicated to empowering women, Dr. Kelly blends humor, candor, and science to demystify sexual health, intimacy, and midlife wellness. Through her podcast and online courses, she tackles myths about desire and normalizes conversations around healthy, fulfilling sex. Her work also provides essential education on hormones and midlife health. Connect with Dr. Kelly on Instagram (@kellycaspersonmd) or visit http://kellycaspersonmd.com . THANKS TO OUR DIAMOND SPONSORS DUTCH: https://dutchtest.com/for-providers Biotics Research: https://www.bioticsresearch.com/ Time—Line Nutrition: http://pro.timeline.com/ THANKS TO OUR GOLD SPONSORS Fullscript Journeys: http://www.fullscript.com/journeys-kara Equelle: http://equelle.com CONNECT with DrKF Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

Resistance training is one of the most powerful interventions for preserving muscle, supporting metabolic health, and promoting healthy aging—but many patients still find it intimidating or confusing. In this episode, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald sits down with exercise physiologist Brad Currier, PhD, to unpack the newly updated ACSM resistance training guidelines and discuss practical approaches for prescribing exercise across the spectrum, from sedentary adults to elite athletes. In partnership with Timeline, they also review the latest clinical research on Urolithin A, mitochondrial function, muscle recovery, protein, and creatine, offering actionable insights for functional medicine practitioners. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Dr. Brad Currier is Manager of Clinical Trials at Timeline, a Swiss biotech company at the forefront of longevity science for over 15 years. With a background in elite athletics, he went on to earn a PhD in muscle physiology, where his research focused on how exercise and nutrition influence aging and performance. Brad has led numerous clinical trials conducted around the world and published extensively in peer-reviewed journals. He is also the lead author of the American College of Sports Medicine’s new position stand on resistance training prescription, helping shape global guidelines for strength training and healthy aging. THANKS TO OUR SPONSOR TIMELINE: http://Pro.timeline.com At the core of Timeline is Mitopure®, a pure and patented form of Urolithin A, shown to improve mitochondrial dysfunction. Learn more & Sign up for a Healthcare Practitioner account at http://Pro.timeline.com Email: [email protected] CONNECT with DrKF Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Richard Horowitz joins Kara Fitzgerald to explore the connection between persistent infections, inflammation, and chronic disease. The discussion highlights emerging research linking Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) to amyloid production and Alzheimer’s biomarkers, along with the clinical implications of Dr. Horowitz’s MSIDS model. Topics include biofilm persistence, co-infections, treatment resistance, and multi-targeted strategies for addressing complex, chronic conditions such as Lyme disease, ME/CFS, fibromyalgia, and long COVID. This episode offers clinicians a more integrated framework for evaluating and managing treatment-resistant patients. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Richard Horowitz is a board-certified internist and founder of the Hudson Valley Healing Arts Center. For more than 40 years, he has treated over 13,000 patients with Lyme disease and complex chronic illness using both conventional and integrative approaches. Dr. Horowitz is the developer of dapsone combination therapy and author of the New York Times bestsellers Why Can’t I Get Better? and How Can I Get Better? His newest book, Ending Chronic Illness, explores how his MSIDS model may apply to many chronic diseases beyond Lyme, offering a broader systems-based framework for diagnosis and treatment. https://cangetbetter.com/ THANKS TO OUR DIAMOND SPONSORS Time—Line Nutrition: http://pro.timeline.com/ DUTCH: https://dutchtest.com/for-providers Biotics Research: https://www.bioticsresearch.com/ THANKS TO OUR GOLD SPONSORS Equelle: http://equelle.com Fullscript Journeys: http://www.fullscript.com/journeys-kara CONNECT with DrKF Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

Montel Williams joins Dr. Kara Fitzgerald to share his decades-long journey with multiple sclerosis (MS), including early neurological symptoms that preceded his diagnosis by years and his recovery following a hemorrhagic stroke. In this episode, created in partnership with MitoQ, the conversation explores MS through a functional medicine lens, with a focus on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction as key drivers of fatigue, cognitive decline, and disease progression. Clinicians and health-focused listeners will gain insight into how mitochondrial dysfunction impacts energy, recovery, and brain function, along with practical strategies for differentiating emotional lability from depression in MS. The episode also highlights how mitoquinone (MitoQ) may support mitochondrial health as part of a broader, mechanism-based approach to managing MS and other neuroinflammatory conditions. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Montel Williams is an Emmy Award–winning television host, New York Times bestselling author, and health and wellness advocate. A U.S. Navy veteran, he has spent decades educating and inspiring audiences around resilience, longevity, and living well with chronic illness. After being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) in 1999, Montel adopted a disciplined, science-informed approach to health, emphasizing daily movement, anti-inflammatory nutrition, and integrative care. In addition to his media and writing career, he is actively involved in advancing innovative healthcare solutions, including neuromodulation and trauma-focused therapies. THANKS TO OUR SPONSOR This episode is in partnership with MitoQ, a mitochondrial antioxidant designed to support energy production and reduce oxidative stress at the cellular level. Backed by 20+ years of research, MitoQ is formulated to work directly within the mitochondria. Visit https://www.mitoq.com/ and use code DRKARA15 for 15% off your first order. CONNECT with DrKF Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

Cardiovascular health and longevity are deeply influenced by aging, perimenopause, and systemic changes that extend far beyond cholesterol markers alone. In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald sits down with Kiran Krishnan to explore the biology of vascular aging, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic changes that emerge in midlife and beyond. As estrogen declines during perimenopause, patients often experience shifts in lipid metabolism, weight regulation, and overall metabolic resilience—driving increased cardiovascular risk. This conversation dives into the critical role of the endothelial glycocalyx, nitric oxide signaling, and the gut microbiome in maintaining vascular integrity and systemic health. Dr. Fitzgerald and Kiran connect the dots between gut health, cardiovascular disease, joint degeneration, and systemic inflammation, offering a systems biology approach that is highly relevant for functional medicine practitioners. You’ll also hear how targeted interventions—specifically Arterosil, Vascanox, and Cartigenix—can be used synergistically to support endothelial health, nitric oxide production, microbial balance, and joint integrity. Topics covered include: - Endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction and cardiovascular risk - Nitric oxide signaling and vascular health - Perimenopause, estrogen decline, and metabolic changes - Gut microbiome influence on cardiovascular and joint health - Anabolic vs catabolic balance in aging - Clinical applications for Arterosil, Vascanox, and Cartigenix - Moving beyond LDL: a systems-based approach to heart health This episode provides a clinically grounded, functional medicine perspective on aging, cardiovascular disease prevention, and whole-body resilience. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Kiran Krishnan is a research microbiologist and health expert with over 20 years of experience in the microbiome and human health space. He is the co-founder of Microbiome Labs, a leading microbiome therapeutics company focused on supporting healthcare professionals. Kiran has conducted and published research in scientific journals, contributed to academic textbooks, and holds multiple global patents. He is a widely recognized speaker known for translating complex microbiome science into practical, clinically relevant insights. THANKS TO OUR SPONSOR Calroy From circulation to cognition, heart health to joint mobility, Calroy develops clinically validated supplements with patented ingredients that restore and protect the body’s foundations.* Head to http://calroy.com/drkf to learn more about resources and discounts. *This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. CONNECT with DrKF Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

Fatty acids remain one of the most debated areas in clinical nutrition, yet many widely held beliefs may not align with current evidence. In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald sits down with Bill Harris, PhD, Founder of OmegaQuant Analytics and co-inventor of the Omega-3 Index, to examine the role of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in cardiovascular risk and clinical decision-making. Learn how to use the Omega-3 Index as a biomarker, interpret atrial fibrillation risk in the context of omega-3 intake, and differentiate between pharmaceutical and dietary interventions. The conversation also explores emerging data on linoleic acid, challenges simplified “good vs bad fat” models, and highlights the complexity of fatty acid metabolism—offering practical guidance for evaluating labs and refining nutrition strategies in practice. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Dr. Bill Harris, PhD is a leading omega-3 researcher with over 40 years of experience and more than 400 publications on fatty acids and health. He is the co-inventor of the Omega-3 Index and founder of OmegaQuant Analytics. Dr. Harris has held faculty positions at three medical schools, received NIH funding for omega-3 research, and co-authored American Heart Association statements on fatty acids and heart health. He is ranked among the top 2% of scientists worldwide for research impact. Email: [email protected] https://omegaquant.com/ https://www.faresinst.org/ THANKS TO OUR DIAMOND SPONSORS Biotics Research: https://www.bioticsresearch.com/ Time—Line Nutrition: http://pro.timeline.com/ DUTCH: https://dutchtest.com/for-providers CONNECT with DrKF Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You Practitioner Training Program: www.drkarafitzgerald.com/trainingyyi/ Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw

In this episode of New Frontiers in Functional Medicine, Dr. Kara Fitzgerald speaks with Tom Fabian, PhD, Senior Educator and Research Specialist at Diagnostic Solutions Laboratory, about why higher protein intake doesn’t always lead to better muscle outcomes. Emerging research shows that digestion, microbiome balance, and immune signaling all influence how effectively the body utilizes dietary protein. Dr. Fabian explores the gut–muscle axis and explains how microbiome-derived metabolites and regulatory T cells support tissue repair and recovery. The conversation also highlights why variability in protein digestion matters and how evaluating gut function can help practitioners determine whether patients are positioned to benefit from higher protein intake. Full show notes + references: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ GUEST DETAILS Tom Fabian, PhD, translates microbiome research into clinical insights for functional medicine. He is a science advisor with Diagnostic Solutions Laboratory and a Science Advisory Board member with Designs for Health. Email: [email protected] THANKS TO OUR SPONSOR Diagnostic Solutions Laboratory Phone: 877-485-5336 Explore DSL’s advanced clinical testing and create your practitioner account at http://diagnosticsolutionslab.com/fxmedpodcast CONNECT with DrKF Want more? Join our newsletter here: https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/newsletter/ Or take our pop quiz and test your BioAge! https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/bioagequiz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrKaraFitzgerald/ DrKF Clinic: Patient consults with DrKF physicians including Younger You Concierge: https://tinyurl.com/yx4fjhkb Younger You book: https://tinyurl.com/mr4d9tym Better Broths and Healing Tonics book: https://tinyurl.com/3644mrfw