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Shortly after the first US Moon landing, the Soviet Union placed the first space station in low Earth orbit. While the United States responded with their own "Skylab" station later, the Russian "Salyut" stations would soon surpass them. As the Cold War drew to an end, the massive Soviet "MIR" station would eventually become an international hub for cooperation in outer space. But along the way, many space station crews would face a life and death battle to keep the station in orbit... EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis REFERENCES: "Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station MIR" by Jerry Linenger "The Forgetten Rescue of the Salyut 7 Space Station" ASTRONOMY.com, by Doug Adler October 23, 2020 MUSIC: "Shores of Avalon" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Nonstop" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Lost Time" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Air" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 1: A Beginning" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Crypto" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Pepper's Theme" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

In the latter half of the 20th century, the "steady state theory" was proposed as an alternative to the controversial big bang theory until a pair of young radio astronomers stumbled upon a strange radio signal coming from every corner of the sky. Their Nobel Prize winning discovery would answer many questions about the big bang... but the dawn of the space age raised some confounding new questions that astronomers are still trying to comprehend. EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis REFERENCES: 'Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos' by Dennis Overbye 'Astronomers Reveal a Cosmic Axis of Evil' by Liverpool John Moores University Astronomy Magazine MUSIC: "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 6 - Air" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License "Thunder Dreams" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License "Shores of Avalon" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License

In the 1920s, the work of the brilliant astronomer Edwin Hubble revealed the universe was expanding. But it was a Belgian preist named Georges Lemaitre who concieved of the idea that the universe began in the distant past. Today, we call this idea the big bang theory. SEE CHRIS GRANT SPEAK IN PERSON: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/chris-grant-at-the-chehalis-flying-saucer-party-tickets-1429748649699?aff=ebdsoporgprofile EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis REFERENCES: 'Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos' by Dennis Overbye 'Hubble, Humason, and the Big Bang: The Race to Uncover the Expanding Universe' by Ron Voller 'The Preist who Proved Einstein Wrong' by Marcelo Gleiser BigThink.com MUSIC: "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Heavy Heart" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License "Ossuary 1: A Begining" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License "Thunder Dreams" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License

Ameteur documentary filmmaker David Paull joins the program for a chat about his short film 'The Trent Saucer', which covers the famous Oregon UFO sighting and its two iconic UFO photographs. He also offers his thoughts on UFO festivals, Roswell, pop culture, and making films. DAVID'S VOICE ACTING: https://www.bodalgo.com/en/voice-over-talents/dave-paull THE TRENT SAUCER (short film) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4o5LHh-azYw ROSWELL REVISITED (short film) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPgkI1Rle38&t=622s EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis MUSIC: "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Are UFOs a worthy subject for scientific study? Is it really possible - or likely - that the Earth is currently being visited by extraterrestrials from other planets? On this controversial issue, how does one separate truth from fiction, myth from reality, and hoaxes from fact? In a series of congressional hearings, at least one high ranking member of the American intelligence community has claimed that multiple crashed UFOs with alien creatures on board have been recovered in the United States. This claim is not new. A famous announcement about a crashed flying saucer was made in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. But is there any truth to this account? The subject of UFOs - both historically and in the present day - is worthy of cauatious, skeptical, and objective consideration. EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis REFERENCES: 'The Edge of Reality' by J. Allen Hynek and Jacques Vallee 'Are UFOs a National Security Risk? Hearing puts Pentagon on Notice' by Ellen Mitchell, The Hill.com 'In Search of: UFO Coverups', Alan Landsburg Productions 'The Close Encounters Man: How One Man Made the World Believe in UFOs' by Mark O'Connell MUSIC: "Shores of Avalon" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Walz of the Carnies" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 6 - Air" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 1: A Begining" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

'Planetary protection' is a term that refers to efforts to prevent Earth microbes from spreading to other planets - and to prevent any hypothetical microbes from other planets from spreading to the Earth. What effect does this policy have on current robotic missions? And what implications will it have for a human mission to Mars? Is it possible that microbes from Mars could pose a danger to human beings on Earth? Or have science fiction and politics 'infected' the minds of NASA officials? EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis REFERENCES: 'The Overprotection of Mars' by Alberto Farien and Dirk Schultze-Makuch (2013) 'Planetary Protection and Regulating Human Health: A Risk that is Not Zero' by Victoria Sutton (2019) 'The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must' by Robert Zubrin (2011) MUSIC: "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 1 - A Beginning" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 6 - Air" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Dr. Brent D. Ziarnick serves as an assistant professor at the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base. He is also author of ‘To Rule the Skies: General Thomas S. Power and the Rise of Strategic Air Command in the Cold War’. In this episode, he discusses the birth of the U.S. Space Force along with the military and economic implications of future space exploration and expansion. "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

When the formation of the U.S. "Space Force" was announced, the new military branch was the butt of many jokes but what role will it serve in the 21st century? Tensions are currently high between the United States, Russia, and China. Is a war in outer space inevitable or will this new frontier offer prosperity for all who join in the adventure? A new guest on the program helps us to answer this important questions. REFERENCES: 'The Battle for the Soul of the Space Force' by Brent Ziarnik, 'The Hill' MUSIC: "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 6 - Air" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Crypto" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Thunderbird" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Outer space is the ultimate strategic high ground for the world's great powers. This is true for both spy satellites and ballistic missiles. During the Cold War, President Ronald Reagan proposed the creation of a technologically advanced, space-based defensive weapon system known as S.D.I.. But critics of the proposal dubbed it 'Star Wars' and said it would trigger a new arms race with the Soviet Union. What historical lessons can be learned from this episode in history? REFERENCES: "Adolf Hitler's Plot to Bomb New York" By David Robinson https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/368490/Adolf-Hitler-s-plot-to-bomb-New-York "The 1983 Military Drill that Nearly Sparked Nuclear War with the Soviets" by Francine Uenuma https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-1983-military-drill-that-nearly-sparked-nuclear-war-with-the-soviets-180979980/ "Strategic Defense Initiative" State.gov https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/rd/104253.htm MUSIC: "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 6 - Air" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Shores of Avalon" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

50 years ago today, the three Apollo 17 astronauts departed the Moon to return to Earth. It was the first time in human history that a scientist set foot on another world: geologist Harrison 'Jack' Schmitt. What lessons does this historic mission have to teach us in the coming years as humans finally return to the Moon with the Artemis program? RECORDED BY: Jantzen Carter REFERENCES: 'Apollo 17: Diary of the Twelfth Man' by Harrison 'Jack' Schmitt 'The Last Man on the Moon' by Eugene Cernan and Don Davis 'A Man on the Moon' by Andrew Chaikin MUSIC: "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Thunderbird" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 1: A Begining" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

The renowned and deeply insightful Andrew Chaikin joins the After Talk to share his views on space exploration along with his experiences interviewing the Apollo astronauts. Chaikin is the author of 'A Man on the Moon', 'Voices from the Moon', and 'A Passion for Mars'. MUSIC: "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

The renowned and deeply insightful Andrew Chaikin joins the After Talk to share his views on space exploration along with his experiences interviewing the Apollo astronauts. Chaikin is the author of 'A Man on the Moon', 'Voices from the Moon', and 'A Passion for Mars'. MUSIC: "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Nearly half a century before the space age began in earnest, a few brilliant visionaries had the courage to look beyond their own time and see humanity’s future. From Russia to the United States, a few brilliant minds transformed science fiction into science fact, giving birth to the space age. REFERENCES: ‘The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers’ by George M. Young ‘The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility’ by Robert Zubrin MUSIC: "Ossuary 1 - A begining" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ “Tenebrous Brothers Carnival: Act Two” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Infinite Perspective" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Host and producer discuss the future of space travel and manned missions to Mars. If you would like to make a contribution to the program, click this link: https://www.patreon.com/universeuniversity?fbclid=IwAR0GJjAwa3C1f8KKxDi7aeGVEO-Ou3dL10vmf1kQHjssQu5eEgmCkyNFMgw MUSIC: "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ REFERENCES: "Scientists and Seaman" [article] By Ben Finney "Humans Will Never Colonize Mars" [article] By George Dvorsky "The Case for Space" By Robert Zubrin PhD "Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism" By Robert Zubrin PhD "Elon Musk: Telsa, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future" by Ashlee Vance

Host and producer discuss the future of space travel and manned missions to Mars. If you would like to make a contribution to the program, click this link: https://www.patreon.com/universeuniversity?fbclid=IwAR0GJjAwa3C1f8KKxDi7aeGVEO-Ou3dL10vmf1kQHjssQu5eEgmCkyNFMgw MUSIC: "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ REFERENCES: "The Case for Space" By Robert Zubrin PhD "Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism" By Robert Zubrin PhD "Elon Musk: Telsa, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future" by Ashlee Vance