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Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects EARLY-MODERN MAGIC AND THE GOETIC TRADITION Anonymous. Historia von D. Johann Fausten. Frankfurt, 1587. Harms, Daniel, James R. Clark, and Joseph H. Peterson, eds. The Book of Oberon: A Sourcebook of Elizabethan Magic. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn, 2015. Based on Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.26. Marlowe, Christopher. Doctor Faustus. Earliest printed A-text, 1604. Mirčev, Andrej. The Poetics of Performance Diagrams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024. Weyer, Johann. Pseudomonarchia Daemonum. Published as an appendix to later editions of De praestigiis daemonum. Scot, Reginald. The Discoverie of Witchcraft. London, 1584. Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or The Lesser Key of Solomon. Seventeenth-century manuscript compilation. Peterson, Joseph H., ed. The Lesser Key of Solomon: Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis. Comparative manuscript edition. ABRAMELIN AND RITUAL SPACE Franchetto, Andrea. “Temporary and Imaginal Sacred Space in the Textual Transmission of Modern Ritual Magic: The Temple of Abramelin (15th–20th Century).” In Modernity and the Construction of Sacred Space, edited by Aaron French and Katharina Waldner, 77–102. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2024. The Book of Abramelin. Seventeenth-century German and Italian manuscript witnesses to a work generally placed by modern scholarship in an earlier late-medieval/early-modern environment. For the influential English tradition, see S. L. MacGregor Mathers, The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage. ÉLIPHAS LÉVI AND THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY OCCULT REVIVAL Lévi, Éliphas. Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie. 2 vols. Paris, 1854–1856. Lévi, Éliphas. Transcendental Magic: Its Doctrine and Ritual. Translated by Arthur Edward Waite. London: George Redway, 1896. Otto, Bernd-Christian. “A Catholic ‘Magician’ Historicizes ‘Magic’: Éliphas Lévi’s Histoire de la Magie.” In History and Religion: Narrating a Religious Past, edited by Bernd-Christian Otto, Susanne Rau, and Jörg Rüpke. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. GOLDEN DAWN AND ALEISTER CROWLEY Plaisance, Christopher A. “Magic Made Modern? Re-evaluating the Novelty of the Golden Dawn’s Magic.” Correspondences 2, no. 2 (2014): 159–187. Regardie, Israel. The Golden Dawn: An Account of the Teachings, Rites and Ceremonies of the Order of the Golden Dawn. Vol. 1. Chicago: Aries Press, 1937. Wheeler, Graham John. “A Microcosm of the Esoteric Revival: The Histories of the Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram.” Correspondences 8, no. 1 (2020): 5–44. Crowley, Aleister. Book Four, Part II: Magick. 1912–1913. See especially Chapter II, “The Circle.” Crowley, Aleister. Magick in Theory and Practice. Paris: Lecram Press, 1929. Mathers, S. L. MacGregor, trans.; Aleister Crowley, ed. The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King. 1904. WICCA AND MODERN WITCHCRAFT Callow, John. Gerald Gardner and the Creation of Wicca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025. Davies, Owen. Art of the Grimoire: An Illustrated History of Magic Books and Spells. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023. RITUAL, COGNITION, AND EXPERIENCE Franchetto, Andrea. “Imaginal Architectural Devices and the Ritual Space of Medieval Necromancy.” Endeavour 44, no. 4 (2020): 100748. Hobson, Nicholas M., Daniel Bonk, and Michael Inzlicht. “Rituals Decrease the Neural Response to Performance Failure.” PeerJ 5 (2017): e3363. Lang, Martin, Jan Krátký, John H. Shaver, Danijela Jerotijević, and Dimitris Xygalatas. “Effects of Anxiety on Spontaneous Ritualized Behavior.” Current Biology 25, no. 14 (2015): 1892–1897. Wiltermuth, Scott S., and Chip Heath. “Synchrony and Cooperation.” Psychological Science 20, no. 1 (2009): 1–5. Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects SOURCES / FURTHER READING Bello, Silvia M. “Cannibalism: A Taphonomic Perspective.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2025. Pobiner, Briana L., Michael C. Pante, and Trevor Keevil. “Early Pleistocene Cut-Marked Hominin Fossil from Koobi Fora, Kenya.” Scientific Reports 13 (2023). Defleur, Alban, et al. “Neanderthal Cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France.” Science 286 (1999): 128–131. Trinkaus, Erik. “Cannibalism and Burial at Krapina.” Journal of Human Evolution 14 (1985). Rougier, Hélène, et al. “Neandertal Cannibalism and Neandertal Bones Used as Tools in Northern Europe.” Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 29005. Bello, Silvia M., et al. “Upper Palaeolithic Ritualistic Cannibalism at Gough’s Cave.” Journal of Human Evolution 82 (2015): 170–189. Bello, Silvia M., et al. “An Upper Palaeolithic Engraved Human Bone Associated with Ritualistic Cannibalism.” PLoS ONE 12 (2017): e0182127. Marsh, William A., and Silvia M. Bello. “Cannibalism and Burial in the Late Upper Palaeolithic.” Quaternary Science Reviews 319 (2023): 108309. Villa, Paola, et al. “Cannibalism in the Neolithic.” Science 233 (1986): 431–437. Boulestin, Bruno, et al. “Mass Cannibalism in the Linear Pottery Culture at Herxheim.” Antiquity 83 (2009): 968–982. Herodotus. Histories, Books I and IV. Minucius Felix. Octavius. Tertullian. Apology. Athenagoras. A Plea for the Christians. Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum. Ralph of Caen. Gesta Tancredi. Staden, Hans. Hans Staden’s True History. 1557. Léry, Jean de. History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil. 1578. Thevet, André. Les singularitez de la France antarctique. 1557. Sugg, Richard. Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires. Routledge, 2011. Sugg, Richard. “Medicinal Cannibalism in Early Modern Literature and Culture.” Literature Compass 10 (2013): 825–835. Chase, Owen. Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-Ship Essex. 1821. Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, Queen’s Bench Division, 1884. Marlar, Richard A., et al. “Biochemical Evidence of Cannibalism at a Prehistoric Puebloan Site in Southwestern Colorado.” Nature 407 (2000): 74–78. Turner, Christy G. II, and Jacqueline A. Turner. Man Corn: Cannibalism and Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest. University of Utah Press, 1999. Conklin, Beth A. “‘Thus Are Our Bodies, Thus Was Our Custom’: Mortuary Cannibalism in an Amazonian Society.” American Ethnologist 22 (1995): 75–101. Conklin, Beth A. Consuming Grief: Compassionate Cannibalism in an Amazonian Society. University of Texas Press, 2001. Collinge, John, et al. “Kuru in the 21st Century—An Acquired Human Prion Disease with Very Long Incubation Periods.” The Lancet 367 (2006): 2068–2074. Alpers, Michael P., et al. “The Epidemiology of Kuru: Monitoring the Epidemic from Its Peak to Its End.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2008. Mead, Simon, et al. “A Novel Protective Prion Protein Variant that Colocalizes with Kuru Exposure.” New England Journal of Medicine 361 (2009): 2056–2065. Sutton, Donald S. “Consuming Counterrevolution: The Ritual and Culture of Cannibalism in Wuxuan, Guangxi, China, May to July 1968.” Comparative Studies in Society and History. Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Primary Source Sahagún, Bernardino de, et al. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (Florentine Codex). Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, 1577. Digital Florentine Codex / Códice Florentino Digital, Getty Research Institute, 2023. Primary source throughout this episode, especially Book 1 for Tezcatlipoca, Book 2 for festivals and sacrifice, and Book 11 for medicinal and psychoactive plants. Pasted markdown Nahua Performance, Ritual & Manuscripts Brylak, Agnieszka. “Some Remarks on the Teponazcuicatl of the Pre-Hispanic Nahua.” Ancient Mesoamerica 27, no. 2 (2016). Used for Nahua song, drumming, movement, and embodied ritual performance. Morado Hernández, Elías Israel. “Una aproximación al Códice florentino desde la escucha.” Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas 47, no. 127 (2025). Explores the audible, oral, rhythmic, and performative world preserved beneath the written Florentine Codex. Dupey García, Élodie. “Rethinking the Reverse of the Codex Cospi: Ritual Offerings to Divine Effigies in Temples.” Ancient Mesoamerica (2026). Important to the discussion of divinatory manuscripts as ritual technologies connecting interpretation with prescribed ritual action. Pasted markdown Tezcatlipoca, Obsidian Mirrors & John Dee Campbell, Stuart, Elizabeth Healey, Yaroslav Kuzmin, and Michael D. Glascock. “The Mirror, the Magus and More: Reflections on John Dee’s Obsidian Mirror.” Antiquity 95, no. 384 (2021): 1547–1564. doi: 10.15184/aqy.2021.132 Geochemical analysis connecting John Dee’s obsidian mirror with Mexican obsidian from the Pachuca source. Getty Research Institute. “Through the Mirror.” Obsidian Mirror-Travels: Refracting Ancient Mexican Art and Archaeology. Background on Indigenous Mexican obsidian mirrors, divination, supernatural vision, and Tezcatlipoca. Caputo, Giovanni B. “Strange-Face-in-the-Mirror Illusion.” Perception 39, no. 7 (2010): 1007–1008. doi: 10.1068/p6466 Experimental study showing striking facial distortions during prolonged mirror gazing under dim illumination. Mash, Joanna, Paul M. Jenkinson, Charlotte E. Dean, and Keith R. Laws. “Strange Face Illusions: A Systematic Review and Quality Analysis.” Consciousness and Cognition 109 (2023): 103480. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103480 Systematic review of strange-face illusions and the methodological limits of earlier mirror-gazing research. Pasted markdown Ololiuhqui & Ergoline Chemistry Meira, Marilena, Eliezer Pereira da Silva, Jorge M. David, and Juceni P. David. “Review of the Genus Ipomoea: Traditional Uses, Chemistry and Biological Activities.” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 22, no. 3 (2012). doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000025 Reviews morning-glory chemistry, including ergoline alkaloids such as ergine/LSA. Steiner, Ulrike, and Eckhard Leistner. “Ergoline Alkaloids in Convolvulaceous Host Plants Originate from Epibiotic Clavicipitaceous Fungi of the Genus Periglandula.” Fungal Ecology 5, no. 3 (2012): 316–321. doi: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.04.004 Important for the plant–fungus symbiosis involved in ergoline production associated with Turbina corymbosa. Pasted markdown Peyote & Mescaline Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, Carolina Lança Pereira, and Diana Dias da Silva. “Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions.” Current Molecular Pharmacology 12, no. 3 (2019): 184–194. doi: 10.2174/1874467211666181010154139 Carstairs, Shaun D., and F. Lee Cantrell. “Peyote and Mescaline Exposures: A 12-Year Review of a Statewide Poison Center Database.” Clinical Toxicology 48, no. 4 (2010): 350–353. doi: 10.3109/15563650903586745 These sources support the episode’s discussion of mescaline pharmacology, perceptual effects, and autonomic responses. Pasted markdown Psilocybin & Visual Processing Stoliker, Devon, Katrin H. Preller, Leonardo Novelli, Alan Anticevic, Gary F. Egan, Franz X. Vollenweider, Adeel Razi, et al. “Neural Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visual Imagery.” Molecular Psychiatry 30 (2025): 1259–1266. Published online 2024. doi: 10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3 Used for the discussion of altered visual-network connectivity and increased top-down contributions to psychedelic imagery. Pasted markdown Datura & Anticholinergic Delirium Vearrier, David, and Michael I. Greenberg. “Anticholinergic Delirium Following Datura stramonium Ingestion: Implications for the Internet Age.” Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock 3, no. 3 (2010): 303. doi: 10.4103/0974-2700.66565 Used to distinguish potentially dangerous anticholinergic delirium from classical serotonergic psychedelic states. Pasted markdown Yiauhtli / Tagetes lucida Pérez-Ortega, G., M. E. González-Trujano, G. E. Ángeles-López, F. Brindis, H. Vibrans, and R. Reyes-Chilpa. “Tagetes lucida Cav.: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Its Tranquilizing Properties.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 181 (2016): 221–228. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.040 Supports discussion of anxiolytic and sedative-like effects while cautioning against automatically classifying yiauhtli as a powerful psychedelic. Pasted markdown Tobacco, Pulque & Copal Benowitz, Neal L. “Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction, Smoking-Induced Disease, and Therapeutics.” Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 49 (2009): 57–71. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742 Used for nicotine’s action at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and its effects on attention, arousal, reward, and autonomic function. Kumar, Sandeep, Patrizia Porcu, David F. Werner, Douglas B. Matthews, Jaime L. Diaz-Granados, Rebecca S. Helfand, and A. Leslie Morrow. “The Role of GABA(A) Receptors in the Acute and Chronic Effects of Ethanol: A Decade of Progress.” Psychopharmacology 205, no. 4 (2009): 529–564. doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1562-z Used for ethanol’s effects on GABAergic signaling. The Florentine Codex supplies the historical evidence for picietl/tobacco, octli/pulque, and copal in ceremonial settings. Pasted markdown Sleep Deprivation & Altered Perception Waters, Flavie, Vivian Chiu, Amanda Atkinson, and Jan Dirk Blom. “Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (2018): 303. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303 Used for evidence that sufficiently prolonged wakefulness can produce perceptual distortions, hallucinations, and increasingly disordered cognition. This does not establish that ordinary Nahua vigils automatically produced hallucinations. Pasted markdown Breathing, Emotion & Brain Rhythms Ashhad, Sufyan, Kaiwen Kam, Christopher A. Del Negro, and Jack L. Feldman. “Breathing Rhythm and Pattern and Their Influence on Emotion.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 45 (2022): 223–247. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-090121-014424 Used for the relationship between respiratory rhythms, emotion, cognition, brainstem regulation, and distributed neural activity. Pasted markdown Ritual, Pain, Memory & Cultural Neuroscience Seligman, Rebecca, and Ryan A. Brown. “Theory and Method at the Intersection of Anthropology and Cultural Neuroscience.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5, nos. 2–3 (2010): 130–137. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsp032 Provides theoretical background for examining ritual as an embodied process involving sensory stimulation, emotional arousal, pain, memory, expectation, and social meaning. Pasted markdown Human Sacrifice & Bioarchaeology Moreiras Reynaga, Diana K., Jean-François Millaire, Ximena Chávez Balderas, Juan A. Román Berrelleza, Leonardo López Luján, and Fred J. Longstaffe. “Residential Patterns of Mexica Human Sacrifices at Mexico-Tenochtitlan and Mexico-Tlatelolco: Evidence from Phosphate Oxygen Isotopes.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 62 (2021): 101296. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101296 Oxygen-isotope evidence indicates a diverse population among sacrificial individuals, including locals, long-term residents, and non-locals, adding archaeological context to discussions of warfare, captive-taking, slavery, imperial networks, and religious sacrifice. Pasted markdown Nahua Death & Otherworlds Madajczak, Julia, Katarzyna Mikulska, and Roberto Martínez. “Beyond Mictlan: The Otherworlds of the Pre-Contact Nahua.” Ancient Mesoamerica 37, no. 1 (2026): 114–130. doi: 10.1017/S0956536126100911 A major reassessment of the traditional “Sahaguntine paradigm” of Nahua afterlife destinations. The authors argue for understanding Nahua otherworlds as relational and transformational domains rather than simply fixed locations on a supernatural map, including an important reinterpretation of the numbers eight and nine. Pasted markdown Nahualism, Personhood & Ritual Specialists Martínez González, Roberto. El nahualismo. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 2016. Antropológica 19. Important for nahualli traditions, transformation, distributed personhood, tonalli, and other animating or supernatural relationships. López Austin, Alfredo. “Cuarenta clases de magos del mundo náhuatl.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 7 (1967): 87–117. Foundational for understanding the divers Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects BIBLIOGRAPHY Core Source on the 1878 Purge Blue, Martha. The Witch Purge of 1878: Oral and Documentary History in the Early Navajo Reservation Years. Navajo Oral History Monograph Series, No. 1. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press, 1988. This is the single most important source for the episode. Blue combines documentary records from 1878 with later Diné oral histories and specifically investigates the Ganado-area killings, Hastiin Biwosi, Ganado Mucho, American intervention, accusations against medicine men, and the larger early-reservation crisis. The book is 35 pages and was published by Navajo Community College Press. Blue also reproduces or discusses several near-contemporary sources that we relied upon through her work, including Charles Hubbell’s May 31, 1878 correspondence, Indian Agent John E. Pyle’s diary, Lieutenant McGunnigle’s 1878 military report, Fort Wingate correspondence connected with Lieutenant Colonel P. T. Swaine, and later Diné oral histories including the 1970 Amos Johnson interview. I would cite these through Blue unless we obtain the original archival documents themselves, rather than pretending we consulted originals we did not. Diné Witchcraft and Accusation Kluckhohn, Clyde. Navaho Witchcraft. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 22, No. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum, 1944. This is the major source behind our discussion of different categories of harmful supernatural practice, accusations involving ceremonial specialists, supernatural projectiles, personal materials, confession, interrogation, punishment, jealousy, reputation, and the later memory of the post–Fort Sumner period as one of heightened witchcraft accusations. Harvard’s Peabody Museum confirms the original 1944 publication details. Important production note: Kluckhohn was researching decades after 1878, so in the script his material should continue to be introduced as later ethnographic evidence about the wider Diné belief system, not as eyewitness testimony from the purge. Diné History and the Early Reservation Years Iverson, Peter. Diné: A History of the Navajos. Photographs by Monty Roessel. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002. Extremely useful for placing the purge inside the larger history of the return from Bosque Redondo, economic hardship, early reservation life, accusations of harmful witchcraft, and the later recovery of stability. University of New Mexico Press describes the book as drawing from archival research, traditional accounts, interviews, and historical material. Spicer, Edward H. Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533–1960. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1962. Used particularly for the larger political interpretation involving Manuelito, Ganado Mucho, raiding, livestock theft, early reservation governance, and efforts to suppress renewed depredations. Spicer is useful precisely because his interpretation does not always line up perfectly with Blue or Kluckhohn, allowing us to show that historians have disagreed about exactly how political the purge was. Witch Hunts in the Wider American Context Davies, Owen. America Bewitched: The Story of Witchcraft After Salem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Useful for comparing the Navajo purge with the broader persistence of witchcraft accusations and witch killings in the United States after Salem, including cases where Indigenous people came into conflict with American courts and authorities over killings motivated by beliefs in harmful supernatural practices. PRIMARY AND INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES “Treaty with the Navaho, 1868.” Fort Sumner, New Mexico, June 1, 1868. 15 Stat. 667. Ratified July 25, 1868; proclaimed August 12, 1868. This is the actual treaty allowing the Diné to return home following Bosque Redondo and is essential for the political background of the episode. Navajo Nation. Navajo Treaty of 1868 / Naaltsoos Sání. This gives us the Diné institutional perspective on the treaty, the Long Walk, imprisonment at Fort Sumner, the return home, sovereignty, and the meaning of the 1868 agreement. The Navajo Nation specifically describes the treaty as ending the Diné exile and allowing their return to their ancestral homeland. National Park Service. Canyon de Chelly National Monument: Administrative History. This is the institutional source supporting one of the most important facts in our opening: Hastiin Biwosi was a resident of Canyon del Muerto, a signer of the Treaty of 1868, and was killed near Ganado in 1878 after being accused of witchcraft. National Park Service. Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site: History & Culture. Useful for the history of Ganado/Pueblo Colorado, John Lorenzo Hubbell, the expanding trading-post economy, the Long Walk background, and the transformation of Diné economic life during the exact period in which the purge occurred. Bosque Redondo Memorial at Fort Sumner Historic Site, New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs. Used for the Long Walk, Hwéeldi/Bosque Redondo, forced confinement, disease, hunger, death, and the disastrous conditions preceding the Diné return home in 1868. Additional Historical Source Yurth, Cindy. “At the Crossroads of Health and Commerce.” Navajo Times, April 11, 2013. Used as supporting evidence for the commonly repeated estimate that as many as forty people in the Ganado area were accused and killed during the 1878 purge. This figure should remain an estimate rather than be presented as a complete documented victim count. Source Note The surviving record of the Witch Purge of 1878 is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. No complete list of victims or formal trial record survives, and estimates of roughly forty deaths should therefore be treated as historical estimates rather than an exact confirmed body count. Accounts of the purge come from contemporary Anglo-American correspondence and military records, later historical scholarship, and Diné oral histories recorded generations afterward. Where those sources disagree, the episode preserves the disagreement rather than presenting one reconstruction as certain. ADDITIONAL HISTORICAL SOURCE Yurth, Cindy. “At the Crossroads of Health and Commerce.” Navajo Times, April 11, 2013. This local Diné-area newspaper history of Ganado specifically discusses the 1878 Navajo Witch Purge and reports that as many as forty people around Ganado were accused and killed, including one person killed at the doorway of Charlie Hubbell’s trading post. I would use this as supporting evidence for the traditional “up to forty” estimate rather than treating forty as a completely documented body count. SOURCE NOTE FOR THE EPISODE I would also put this little note beneath the bibliography because it protects the episode academically: A Note on Sources:  The surviving record of the Witch Purge of 1878 is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. No complete list of victims or formal trial record survives, and estimates of approximately forty deaths should therefore be treated as historical estimates rather than an exact confirmed body count. Accounts of the purge come from a combination of contemporary Anglo-American correspondence and military records, later historical scholarship, and Diné oral histories recorded generations afterward. Where these sources disagree, this episode has attempted to preserve those disagreements rather than presenting one reconstruction as certain. That last paragraph is worth keeping, bro. It gives us cover for almost every difficult issue in this episode: the forty-person estimate, Manuelito's exact involvement, conflicting dates, oral history versus American records, and the fact that we simply do not know every victim's name. And Martha Blue should absolutely be the first source listed. That book is basically the backbone of this entire f*****g episode. Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Bibliography Diné Culture, Witchcraft, Folklore, and Mortuary Practice Blue, Martha. The Witch Purge of 1878: Oral and Documentary History in the Early Navajo Reservation Years. Navajo Oral History Monograph Series No. 1. Tsaile, AZ: Navajo Community College Press, 1988. Brady, Margaret K. Some Kind of Power: Navajo Children’s Skinwalker Narratives. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1984. Franciscan Fathers. An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language. Saint Michaels, AZ, 1910. Frisbie, Charlotte J. “On Two William Morgans in Navajo Studies.” New Mexico Historical Review 83, no. 4 (2008): 495–499. Goddard, Pliny Earle. Navajo Texts. Edited by Gladys A. Reichard. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 34, pt. 1. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1933. Kahn-John, Michelle, and Mary Koithan. “Living in Health, Harmony, and Beauty: The Diné (Navajo) Hózhó Wellness Philosophy.” Global Advances in Health and Medicine 4, no. 3 (2015): 24–30. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.044. Kluckhohn, Clyde. Navaho Witchcraft. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 22, no. 2. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, 1944. Levy, Jerrold E. “Changing Burial Practices of the Western Navajo: A Consideration of the Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior.” American Indian Quarterly 4, no. 4 (1978): 397–405. Morgan, William. Human-Wolves among the Navaho. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, no. 11. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1936. Nez, Noah. “Skinwalkers.” Skeptical Briefs 22, no. 1 (2012). Pavlik, Steve. “Will Big Trotter Reclaim His Place? The Role of the Wolf in Navajo Tradition.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 24, no. 4 (2000): 107–125. https://doi.org/10.17953/aicr.24.4.p21t105715725434. Shepardson, Mary. “Changes in Navajo Mortuary Practices and Beliefs.” American Indian Quarterly 4, no. 4 (1978): 383–395. Popular Literature and the Expansion of the Legend Hillerman, Tony. Skinwalkers. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. Kelleher, Colm A., and George Knapp. Hunt for the Skinwalker: Science Confronts the Unexplained at a Remote Ranch in Utah. New York: Paraview Pocket Books, 2005. Krisst, Rima. “‘Dark Winds’ Hears Critics: Director Says TV Series Will ‘Course-Correct’ for Accuracy.” Navajo Times, June 30, 2022. Skinwalker Ranch and Contemporary Reporting Deseret News. “Universe Reports on Strange Utah Occurrences.” December 12, 1996. Deseret News. “No UFOs or ETs Have Dropped in at ‘Spooky’ Ranch.” April 27, 1997. Deseret News. “Mysteries of UFO Ranch in Spotlight.” April 22, 2006. Van Eyck, Zack. “Frequent Fliers?” Deseret News, June 30, 1996. Government Documents All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena, Volume I. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, 2024. Defense Intelligence Agency. Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program Briefing. 2009. Released through the DIA Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. Defense Intelligence Agency. Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program Contract and Related Records. 2008–2012. Released through the DIA Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. Digital Folklore and Modern Legend Formation Blank, Trevor J., ed. Folklore and the Internet: Vernacular Expression in a Digital World. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2009. Blank, Trevor J., and Robert Glenn Howard, eds. Tradition in the Twenty-First Century: Locating the Role of the Past in the Present. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2013. Puglia, David J. “Internet and Media in American Folklore and Folklife.” In The Oxford Handbook of American Folklore and Folklife Studies, edited by Simon J. Bronner, 598–624. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Additional Journalism and Public Sources Indian Country Today. “Many Outraged at Ghost Adventures Navajo ‘SkinWalker’ Episode.” 2017. Navajo Times. Coverage of Tony Hillerman’s death and his reception among Navajo readers, November 2008. University of New Mexico Libraries. Tony Hillerman Portal. Bibliographic and archival materials concerning Skinwalkers and Hillerman’s Navajo mystery novels. Yale University Human Relations Area Files. “Human-Wolves among the Navaho.” eHRAF World Cultures. Scholarly indexing and source evaluation of William Morgan’s study. Yale University Human Relations Area Files. “Navaho Witchcraft.” eHRAF World Cultures. Scholarly indexing and source evaluation of Clyde Kluckhohn’s Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects BibliographyPrimary and Digital SourcesInstituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). “Confirman antigüedad prehispánica del Códice Tonalámatl de Aubin.” Boletín 402, August 31, 2026.Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). Tonalámatl de Aubin. Codices of Mexico Digital Catalog.Sahagún, Bernardino de, Antonio Valeriano, Alonso Vegerano, Martín Jacobita, Pedro de San Buenaventura, Diego de Grado, Bonifacio Maximiliano, Mateo Severino, et al. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (Florentine Codex). Ms. Mediceo Palatino 218–20. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, 1577. Digital Florentine Codex / Códice Florentino Digital. Edited by Kim N. Richter, Alicia Maria Houtrouw, Kevin Terraciano, Jeanette Favrot Peterson, Diana Magaloni, and Lisa Sousa. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2023.Nahua Religion, Calendrics, Personhood, and DivinationDehouve, Danièle. “Embedded Glottograms in the Images of the Gods in Ancient Central Mexico.” Ancient Mesoamerica 36, no. 2 (2025): 242–263. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536125100758.Díaz Álvarez, Ana. “Tlapohualli, la cuenta de las cosas. Reflexiones en torno a la reconstrucción de los calendarios nahuas.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 44 (2012).Dupey García, Élodie. “Rethinking the Reverse of the Codex Cospi: Ritual Offerings to Divine Effigies in Temples.” Ancient Mesoamerica. Published online July 20, 2026.González Torres, Yólotl. “La adivinación por medio del maíz.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 48 (2014): 213–233.Kruell, Gabriel Kenrick. “Algunas precisiones terminológicas sobre el calendario náhuatl.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 54 (2017): 135–164.López Austin, Alfredo. “Cuarenta clases de magos del mundo náhuatl.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 7 (1967): 87–117.Madajczak, Julia. “Life-Giver: The Pre-Hispanic Nahua Concept of ‘Father’ through Colonial Written Sources.” Ancient Mesoamerica 28, no. 2 (2017): 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536117000086.Martínez González, Roberto. El nahualismo. Antropológica 19. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 2016.Olko, Justyna, and Julia Madajczak. “An Animating Principle in Confrontation with Christianity? De(re)constructing the Nahua ‘Soul.’” Ancient Mesoamerica 30, no. 1 (2019): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536118000329.Rojas, Araceli. “Casting Maize Seeds in an Ayöök Community: An Approach to the Study of Divination in Mesoamerica.” Ancient Mesoamerica 27, no. 2 (2016): 461–478.Ritual, Sound, and Embodied PracticeBrylak, Agnieszka. “Some Remarks on the Teponazcuicatl of the Pre-Hispanic Nahua.” Ancient Mesoamerica 27, no. 2 (2016).Morado Hernández, Elías Israel. “Una aproximación al Códice florentino desde la escucha.” Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas 47, no. 127 (2025).Seligman, Rebecca, and Ryan A. Brown. “Theory and Method at the Intersection of Anthropology and Cultural Neuroscience.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5, nos. 2–3 (2010): 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp032.Obsidian Mirrors, Tezcatlipoca, and Visual PerceptionCampbell, Stuart, Elizabeth Healey, Yaroslav Kuzmin, and Michael D. Glascock. “The Mirror, the Magus and More: Reflections on John Dee’s Obsidian Mirror.” Antiquity 95, no. 384 (2021): 1547–1564. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.132.Caputo, Giovanni B. “Strange-Face-in-the-Mirror Illusion.” Perception 39, no. 7 (2010): 1007–1008. https://doi.org/10.1068/p6466.Getty Research Institute. “Through the Mirror.” Obsidian Mirror-Travels: Refracting Ancient Mexican Art and Archaeology.Mash, Joanna, Paul M. Jenkinson, Charlotte E. Dean, and Keith R. Laws. “Strange Face Illusions: A Systematic Review and Quality Analysis.” Consciousness and Cognition 109 (2023): 103480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2023.103480.Psychoactive and Ritual PlantsBenowitz, Neal L. “Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction, Smoking-Induced Disease, and Therapeutics.” Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 49 (2009): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742.Carstairs, Shaun D., and F. Lee Cantrell. “Peyote and Mescaline Exposures: A 12-Year Review of a Statewide Poison Center Database.” Clinical Toxicology 48, no. 4 (2010): 350–353. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650903586745.Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, Carolina Lança Pereira, and Diana Dias da Silva. “Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions.” Current Molecular Pharmacology 12, no. 3 (2019): 184–194. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467211666181010154139.Meira, Marilena, Eliezer Pereira da Silva, Jorge M. David, and Juceni P. David. “Review of the Genus Ipomoea: Traditional Uses, Chemistry and Biological Activities.” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 22, no. 3 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000025.Pérez-Ortega, G., M. E. González-Trujano, G. E. Ángeles-López, F. Brindis, H. Vibrans, and R. Reyes-Chilpa. “Tagetes lucida Cav.: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Its Tranquilizing Properties.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 181 (2016): 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.040.Steiner, Ulrike, and Eckhard Leistner. “Ergoline Alkaloids in Convolvulaceous Host Plants Originate from Epibiotic Clavicipitaceous Fungi of the Genus Periglandula.” Fungal Ecology 5, no. 3 (2012): 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2011.04.004.Stoliker, Devon, Katrin H. Preller, Leonardo Novelli, Alan Anticevic, Gary F. Egan, Franz X. Vollenweider, Adeel Razi, et al. “Neural Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visual Imagery.” Molecular Psychiatry 30 (2025): 1259–1266. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3.Vearrier, David, and Michael I. Greenberg. “Anticholinergic Delirium Following Datura stramonium Ingestion: Implications for the Internet Age.” Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock 3, no. 3 (2010): 303. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.66565.Altered States and NeuroscienceAshhad, Sufyan, Kaiwen Kam, Christopher A. Del Negro, and Jack L. Feldman. “Breathing Rhythm and Pattern and Their Influence on Emotion.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 45 (2022): 223–247. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-090121-014424.Kumar, Sandeep, Patrizia Porcu, David F. Werner, Douglas B. Matthews, Jaime L. Diaz-Granados, Rebecca S. Helfand, and A. Leslie Morrow. “The Role of GABA(A) Receptors in the Acute and Chronic Effects of Ethanol: A Decade of Progress.” Psychopharmacology 205, no. 4 (2009): 529–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1562-z.Waters, Flavie, Vivian Chiu, Amanda Atkinson, and Jan Dirk Blom. “Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (2018): 303. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303.Sacrifice, Death, and the OtherworldMadajczak, Julia, Katarzyna Mikulska, and Roberto Martínez. “Beyond Mictlan: The Otherworlds of the Pre-Contact Nahua.” Ancient Mesoamerica 37, no. 1 (2026): 114–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536126100911.Martínez González, Roberto. “Funeraria nahua, una primera aproximación: el ritual por derecho propio.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 71 (2026).Moreiras Reynaga, Diana K., Jean-François Millaire, Ximena Chávez Balderas, Juan A. Román Berrelleza, Leonardo López Luján, and Fred J. Longstaffe. “Residential Patterns of Mexica Human Sacrifices at Mexico-Tenochtitlan and Mexico-Tlatelolco: Evidence from Phosphate Oxygen Isotopes.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 62 (2021): 101296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101296. Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Core Academic Studies Callow, John. Gerald Gardner and the Creation of Wicca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025. DOI: 10.1017/9781108956161. Crandall, Lisa. Text A: Teasing Out the Influences on Early Gardnerian Witchcraft as Evidenced in the Personal Writings of Gerald Brosseau Gardner. Master's thesis, University of Ottawa, 2013. Doyle White, Ethan. Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2016. Feraro, Shai, and Ethan Doyle White, eds. Magic and Witchery in the Modern West: Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of The Triumph of the Moon. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Hutton, Ronald. The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Hutton, Ronald. “Crowley and Wicca.” In Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism, edited by Henrik Bogdan and Martin P. Starr, 285–307. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Lewis, Liam. “‘Eko; Eko; Azarak’: Witchcraft, Medieval Gibberish and Queer Untranslatability in High Magic’s Aid.” Sexualities, first published online October 3, 2024. DOI: 10.1177/13634607241287419. Urban, Hugh B. Magia Sexualis: Sex, Magic, and Liberation in Modern Western Esotericism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. Urban, Hugh B. “The Goddess and the Great Rite: Hindu Tantra and the Complex Origins of Modern Wicca.” In Magic and Witchery in the Modern West, edited by Shai Feraro and Ethan Doyle White, 21–43. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Gardner, Valiente, and Early Wiccan Sources Gardner, Gerald B. High Magic’s Aid. London: Michael Houghton, 1949. Gardner, Gerald B. Witchcraft Today. London: Rider, 1954. Gardner, Gerald B. The Meaning of Witchcraft. London: Aquarian Press, 1959. Valiente, Doreen. The Rebirth of Witchcraft. London: Robert Hale, 1989. Valiente, Doreen. Witchcraft for Tomorrow. London: Robert Hale, 1978. Heselton, Philip. Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner. 2 vols. Loughborough: Thoth Publications, 2012. Lamond, Frederic. Fifty Years of Wicca. Sutton Mallet: Green Magic, 2004. Pre-Gardner Witchcraft, Folklore, and Witch-Cult Sources Leland, Charles Godfrey. Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. London: David Nutt, 1899. Murray, Margaret Alice. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. Murray, Margaret Alice. The God of the Witches. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1931. Ceremonial Magic, Crowley, and Related Source Material Mathers, S. L. MacGregor, ed. and trans. The Key of Solomon the King (Clavicula Salomonis). London: George Redway, 1889. Crowley, Aleister. The Equinox. Various issues, 1909–1919. Crowley, Aleister. Book 4. Parts I–II originally published 1912–1913; Part III, Magick in Theory and Practice, 1929. Crowley, Aleister. Liber XV: Ecclesiae Gnosticae Catholicae Canon Missae, commonly known as the Gnostic Mass. Crowley, Aleister. Liber AL vel Legis (The Book of the Law). 1904. Woodroffe, John, writing as Arthur Avalon. The Serpent Power. London: Luzac & Co., 1919. Additional Historical Trails Discussed in the Episode de Givry, Émile Grillot. Witchcraft, Magic and Alchemy. English translation, 1931. Fuller, J. F. C. “The Black Arts.” Occult Review 43, no. 5 (1926): 299–308. Discussed and traced by Liam Lewis in the 2024 study cited above. The Occult Observer, Vol. I, No. 3 (1949), including Mir Bashir's article “The Book of Shadows,” later identified by Doreen Va Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects BibliographyCore Academic Scholarship - Bailey, Michael D. Battling Demons: Witchcraft, Heresy, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. Essential for Nider and the emergence of diabolical witchcraft before the Malleus. (https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-02225-3.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Briggs, Robin. Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. HarperCollins, 1996. - Clark, Stuart. Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Clarendon Press, 1997. Excellent for inversion, natural/unnatural, Christian/anti-Christian logic. - Davies, Owen. Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History. Hambledon and London, 2003. Useful for distinguishing actual magical practitioners from the demonological witch stereotype. (https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/119/482/801/499798?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Gaskill, Malcolm. Witchfinders: A Seventeenth-Century English Tragedy. John Murray, 2005. - Hults, Linda C. The Witch as Muse: Art, Gender, and Power in Early Modern Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. Major source for Dürer, Baldung, sexuality, gender, and visual construction. - Kors, Alan Charles, and Edward Peters, eds. Witchcraft in Europe, 400–1700: A Documentary History. 2nd ed. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Excellent collection of primary documents. (https://www.pennpress.org/9780812217513/witchcraft-in-europe-400-1700/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Levack, Brian P. The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe. 4th ed. Routledge, 2016. Best general backbone for chronology, prosecution patterns, regional variation, gender, and numbers. (https://www.routledge.com/link/link/p/book/9781138808096?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Levack, Brian P., ed. The Witchcraft Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2015. Includes trial documents, demonology, sermons, literature, and visual representations. (https://www.routledge.com/The-Witchcraft-Sourcebook-Second-Edition/Levack/p/book/9781138774971?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations. Routledge, 1996. Particularly useful for later feminist, historical, literary, and modern witch reconstructions. (https://www.routledge.com/The-Witch-in-History-Early-Modern-and-Twentieth-Century-Representations/Purkiss/p/book/9780415087629?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Roper, Lyndal. Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany. Yale University Press, 2004/2006. Essential for crones, fertility, motherhood, interrogation, sexuality, cannibalism, and aging. (https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300119831/witch-craze/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Stephens, Walter. Demon Lovers: Witchcraft, Sex, and the Crisis of Belief. University of Chicago Press, 2002/2003. Important for demonic sex, bodily reality, flight, infanticide, and the Malleus. (https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo3628714.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Zika, Charles. The Appearance of Witchcraft: Print and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Europe. Routledge, 2007. Probably the most important book for this episode’s thesis. (https://www.routledge.com/The-Appearance-of-Witchcraft-1st-Edition/Zika/p/book/9780203713921?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Davies, Owen, ed. The Oxford History of Witchcraft and Magic. Oxford University Press, 2023. Broad updated survey from antiquity through modern popular culture. (https://academic.oup.com/book/45627?utm_source=chatgpt.com) Fifteenth-Century Origins and Demonology - Nider, Johannes. Formicarius, Book V, c. 1436–1438. Key source for the emerging diabolical witch sect before the Malleus; available in Levack and Kors/Peters. (https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/witches1.asp?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Errores Gazariorum, c. 1430s. One of the earliest texts describing an organized diabolical witch sect; see Georg Modestin, “The Metamorphoses of the Anti-Witchcraft Treatise Errores Gazariorum.” (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003007296-2s/metamorphoses-anti-witchcraft-treatise-errores-gazariorum-15th-century-georg-modestin?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Le Franc, Martin. Le Champion des Dames. Written c. 1440–1442; illuminated manuscript, 1451. The manuscript includes the famous Vaudoises image, widely identified as the earliest known witch depicted flying on a broomstick. (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/722313-oldest-depiction-of-a-witch-on-a-broomstick?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Kramer, Heinrich [Institoris]. Malleus Maleficarum, first printed 1486–1487. Use Christopher S. Mackay, trans., The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum. Cambridge University Press, 2009. Mackay also discusses authorship and Jacob Sprenger’s disputed role. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/hammer-of-witches/F8A8CC710EB1AEB13D9B91530AC0EAF3?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Molitor, Ulrich. De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus, 1489. Important for early printed imagery of flight, transformation, weather magic, and cauldrons. - Hopkins, Matthew. The Discovery of Witches. London, 1647. Important for familiars, bodily examinations, and names including Pyewacket, Vinegar Tom, Grizzel Greedigutt, Sack and Sugar, and others. Art and Visual Sources - Dürer, Albrecht. Witch Riding Backwards on a Goat, c. 1500. British Museum. The Museum connects the reversed composition with witchcraft’s supposed reversal of natural order. (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1868-0822-188?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Baldung Grien, Hans. Early-sixteenth-century witch imagery and Weather Witches (1523). The British Museum discusses Baldung’s fascination with witches and female sexuality. (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1834-0712-73?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Davidson, Jane P. The Witch in Northern European Art, 1470–1750. Luca Verlag, 1987. - Rosa, Salvator. Witches at their Incantations, c. 1646. National Gallery, London. The Gallery documents both its witch imagery and the report that it hung behind a curtain for dramatic reveal. (https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/salvator-rosa-witches-at-their-incantations?utm_source=chatgpt.com) Trials, Gender, and Historical Accused - Apps, Lara, and Andrew Gow. Male Witches in Early Modern Europe. Manchester University Press, 2003. Useful for dismantling the assumption that witches were universally female. - Rowlands, Alison. Witchcraft Narratives in Germany: Rothenburg, 1561–1652. Manchester University Press, 2003. - English Heritage / Diane Purkiss. “Witchcraft: Eight Myths and Misconceptions.” Useful for hanging versus burning, execution estimates, male witches, the Spanish Inquisition, and the herbalist-midwife myth. Purkiss gives a mainstream scholarly estimate of roughly 30,000–60,000 executions, rather than the old “nine million” figure. (https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/eight-witchcraft-myths?utm_source=chatgpt.com) Fairy Tale and Literary Witch - Shakespeare, William. Macbeth, c. 1606. Especially Act IV, scene 1, for the influential cauldron scene. - Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. “Hansel and Gretel,” in Kinder- und Hausmärchen, first published 1812. Useful for the forest dwelling, old woman, food, children, and cannibalistic witch. - Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History. Particularly useful for witch representation in drama, domesticity, children, and later reinvention. (https://www.routledge.com/The-Witch-in-History-Early-Modern-and-Twentieth-Century-Representations/Purkiss/p/book/9780415087629?utm_source=chatgpt.com) Victorian Costume, Salem, and Halloween - Holt, Ardern. Fancy Dresses Described; or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls. 4th ed., 1884. Source for the witch costumes involving brooms, cats, toads, serpents, frogs, bats, lizards, an owl, and a black cat on the shoulder. The surviving scan identifies it as the fourth edition from March 1884. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThe_Witch1884.png?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Holt, Ardern. Fancy Dresses Described. 5th ed. Debenham & Freebody, 1887. Public-domain copy preserved by the Smithsonian. ( Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Bibliography Primary Sources, Historical Texts, Legal Sources, and Reference Works Ælfric of Eynsham. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The First Series: Text. Edited by Peter Clemoes. Early English Text Society, Supplementary Series 17. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ælfric of Eynsham. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The Second Series: Text. Edited by Malcolm Godden. Early English Text Society, Supplementary Series 5. London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 1979. Attenborough, F. L., ed. and trans. The Laws of the Earliest English Kings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922. Bosworth, Joseph, and T. Northcote Toller. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898; Supplement, 1921. See also the revised Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online, especially the entries for wicca, wicce, wiccedōm, and related terms. Elliger, Karl, and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. 5th corrected ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997. England. 33 Henry VIII c. 8. An Act concerning Witchcrafts and Sorcery (1542). England. 5 Elizabeth I c. 16. An Act against Conjurations, Enchantments and Witchcrafts (1563). England. 1 James I c. 12. An Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft and dealing with evil and wicked Spirits (1604). Great Britain. 9 George II c. 5. An Act to repeal the Statute made in the first Year of the Reign of King James the First, intituled, An Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft and dealing with evil and wicked Spirits... Commonly known as the Witchcraft Act 1735; royal assent 1736. Great Britain. Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951, 14 & 15 Geo. 6 c. 33. Forshall, Josiah, and Frederic Madden, eds. The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal Books, in the Earliest English Versions Made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and His Followers. 4 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1850. Gardner, Gerald B. Witchcraft Today. London: Rider and Company, 1954. Gifford, George. A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcraftes. London: John Windet for Tobie Cooke and Mihil Hart, 1593. Krapp, George Philip, ed. The Junius Manuscript. Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records 1. New York: Columbia University Press, 1931. Liebermann, Felix, ed. Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. 3 vols. in 4. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1903–1916. Lyly, John. Mother Bombie. London: Thomas Scarlet for Cuthbert Burby, 1594. Murray, Margaret Alice. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. Perkins, William. A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft: So Farre Forth as It Is Revealed in the Scriptures, and Manifest by True Experience. Published by Thomas Pickering. Cambridge, 1608. Rahlfs, Alfred, ed. Septuaginta. Revised by Robert Hanhart. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006. Robertson, A. J., ed. and trans. The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925. Tyndale, William. The Pentateuch. 1530. For a modern edition, see Tyndale’s Old Testament, edited by David Daniell. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. Weber, Robert, and Roger Gryson, eds. Biblia Sacra iuxta Vulgatam Versionem. 5th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2007. Webster, Noah. An American Dictionary of the English Language. New York: S. Converse, 1828. The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New. London: Robert Barker, 1611. Modern Scholarship Apps, Lara, and Andrew Gow. Male Witches in Early Modern Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003. Arthur, Ciaran. “Charms,” Liturgies, and Secret Rites in Early Medieval England. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2018. Bostridge, Ian. Witchcraft and Its Transformations, c.1650–c.1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Briggs, Robin. Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. London: HarperCollins, 1996. Clark, Stuart. Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Cohn, Norman. Europe’s Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt. New York: Basic Books, 1975. Davies, Owen. Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History. London: Hambledon and London, 2003. Davies, Owen. Witchcraft, Magic and Culture, 1736–1951. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999. Doyle White, Ethan. Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2016. Gaskill, Malcolm. Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Gaskill, Malcolm. Hellish Nell: Last of Britain’s Witches. London: Fourth Estate, 2001. Hutton, Ronald. The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Hutton, Ronald. The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017. Levack, Brian P. The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2016. Liberman, Anatoly. Word Origins ... and How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Liberman, Anatoly, with J. Lawrence Mitchell. An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. Macfarlane, Alan. Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. 2nd ed. with an introduction by James Sharpe, London: Routledge, 1999. Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations. London: Routledge, 1996. Sharpe, J. A. Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in England, 1550–1750. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1996. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971. Wilby, Emma. Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic Visionary Traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2005. Particularly Useful Digital and Archival Resources Folger Shakespeare Library. Digital editions and catalog records for John Lyly’s Mother Bombie, George Gifford’s A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcraftes, and William Perkins’s A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft. The National Archives (UK). Early Modern Witch Trials teaching collection, including the transcript and archival image of the 1604 Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft and dealing with evil and wicked Spirits. UK Parliament, Living Heritage. “Witchcraft,” overview of the English witchcraft statutes and their legal history. UK Legislation. Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951, official text. Dictionary of Old English / Dictionary of Old English Web Corpus, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto. Oxford English Dictionary. Entries for witch, witchcraft, wizard, warlock, and related historical forms. Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects BIBLIOGRAPHY Fear, Negativity, Attention, and Stress Baumeister, Roy F., Ellen Bratslavsky, Catrin Finkenauer, and Kathleen D. Vohs. “Bad Is Stronger Than Good.” Review of General Psychology 5, no. 4 (2001): 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323. Bar-Haim, Yair, Dominique Lamy, Lee Pergamin, Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn. “Threat-Related Attentional Bias in Anxious and Nonanxious Individuals: A Meta-Analytic Study.” Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 1 (2007): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1. Tannenbaum, Melanie B., Justin Hepler, Rick S. Zimmerman, Lindsey Saul, Samantha Jacobs, Kristina Wilson, and Dolores Albarracín. “Appealing to Fear: A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeal Effectiveness and Theories.” Psychological Bulletin 141, no. 6 (2015): 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729. Juster, Robert-Paul, Bruce S. McEwen, and Sonia J. Lupien. “Allostatic Load Biomarkers of Chronic Stress and Impact on Health and Cognition.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 1 (2010): 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002. Negative News, Trauma Coverage, and Stress Reactivity Marin, Marie-France, Julie-Katia Morin-Major, Tania E. Schramek, Annick Beaupré, Andrea Perna, Robert-Paul Juster, and Sonia J. Lupien. “There Is No News Like Bad News: Women Are More Remembering and Stress Reactive after Reading Real Negative News than Men.” PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (2012): e47189. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047189. Holman, E. Alison, Dana Rose Garfin, and Roxane Cohen Silver. “Media’s Role in Broadcasting Acute Stress Following the Boston Marathon Bombings.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 1 (2014): 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316265110. Thompson, Rebecca R., Nickolas M. Jones, E. Alison Holman, and Roxane Cohen Silver. “Media Exposure to Mass Violence Events Can Fuel a Cycle of Distress.” Science Advances 5, no. 4 (2019): eaav3502. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3502. Fear, Negativity, and the Attention Economy Robertson, Claire E., Nicolas Pröllochs, Kaoru Schwarzenegger, Philip Pärnamets, Jay J. Van Bavel, and Stefan Feuerriegel. “Negativity Drives Online News Consumption.” Nature Human Behaviour 7 (2023): 812–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01538-4. Shabahang, Reza, Hyeyeon Hwang, Emma F. Thomas, Mara S. Aruguete, Lynn E. McCutcheon, Gábor Orosz, Abbas Ali Hossein Khanzadeh, Benyamin Mokhtari Chirani, and Ágnes Zsila. “Doomscrolling Evokes Existential Anxiety and Fosters Pessimism about Human Nature? Evidence from Iran and the United States.” Computers in Human Behavior Reports 15 (2024): 100438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100438. Conspiracy Exposure and Paranoid Thought Molenda, Zuzanna, Marta Marchlewska, Adam Karakula, Wojciech Podsiadłowski, Marta Rogoza, Paulina Bagrowska, and Dagmara Szczepańska. “Thought Contagion? Conspiracy Beliefs Boost Paranoid Thoughts.” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 16, no. 4 (2024): 2065–2082. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12577. Repetition and the Illusory Truth Effect Ye, Steeven, David Attali, Maria Ghazi, Arnaud Cachia, Mathieu Cassotti, Grégoire Borst, et al. “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Evidence for an Illusory Truth Effect and Its Determinants.” Nature Communications 17 (2026): 3270. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70041-x. Intolerance of Uncertainty, Worry, and Anxiety Akbari, Mehdi, Sonay Sheikhi, Mahsa Sadat Navab Safiadin, Minoo Rahmani, Roya Forootan, and Gordon J. G. Asmundson. “A Hierarchical Uncertainty Framework of Anxiety: Preregistered Meta-Analytic Structural Model of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Worry across Anxiety Disorders.” Clinical Psychology Review 128 (2026): 102773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102773. Intergroup Threat, Prejudice, and Negative Generalization Riek, Blake M., Eric W. Mania, and Samuel L. Gaertner. “Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 4 (2006): 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4. Paolini, Stefania, and Kylie McIntyre. “Bad Is Stronger Than Good for Stigmatized, but Not Admired Outgroups: Meta-Analytical Tests of Intergroup Valence Asymmetry in Individual-to-Group Generalization Experiments.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 23, no. 1 (2019): 3–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317753504. Paolini, Stefania, Meghann Gibbs, Brett Sales, Danielle Anderson, and Kylie McIntyre. “Negativity Bias in Intergroup Contact: Meta-Analytical Evidence That Bad Is Stronger Than Good, Especially When People Have the Opportunity and Motivation to Opt Out of Contact.” Psychological Bulletin 150, no. 8 (2024): 921–964. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000439. Satanic Panic, McMartin, Suggestion, and False Allegations Garven, Sena, James M. Wood, Roy S. Malpass, and John S. Shaw III. “More Than Suggestion: The Effect of Interviewing Techniques from the McMartin Preschool Case.” Journal of Applied Psychology 83, no. 3 (1998): 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.347. Garven, Sena, James M. Wood, and Roy S. Malpass. “Allegations of Wrongdoing: The Effects of Reinforcement on Children’s Mundane and Fantastic Claims.” Journal of Applied Psychology 85, no. 1 (2000): 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.38. Goodman, Gail S., Jodi A. Quas, Bette L. Bottoms, Jianjian Qin, Phillip R. Shaver, Holly Orcutt, and Cheryl Shapiro. “Children’s Religious Knowledge: Implications for Understanding Satanic Ritual Abuse Allegations.” Child Abuse & Neglect 21, no. 11 (1997): 1111–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00070-7. Trust, Loneliness, Social Exclusion, and Conspiracy Beliefs Godžáková, Dana, and Jakub Šrol. “Mind in Doubt and Isolated Soul: Examining Longitudinal Relationships Between Conspiracy Beliefs Related to COVID-19, Interpersonal Trust, Loneliness and Social Exclusion.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 36, no. 3 (2026): e70267. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.70267. Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.

Links For The Occult Rejects https://linktr.ee/theoccultrejects Occult Research Institute https://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/ Substack https://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-page Cash App https://cash.app/$theoccultrejects Venmo @TheOccultRejects Patreon https://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejects Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball.