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Stephen Wolfram talks about how he knows what he knows, the interplay between theory and experiment, and the importance of building towers of knowledge on solid ground. — Stephen Wolfram Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community Discord— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

I am tired of hearing quantum mechanics invoked in support of nonsense. You know the kind of thing. Quantum mechanics therefore crystal healing. Quantum mechanics therefore psychic powers. Quantum mechanics therefore homeopathic medicine. Quantum mechanics therefore universal consciousness. Quantum mechanics therefore manifestation. Quantum mechanics therefore reincarnation. Quantum mechanics therefore free will. It’s not just the crazies who do this. I hear otherwise highly intelligent, highly rational thinkers do it all the time. Please stop with the “quantum mechanics therefore nonsense“. Here are 7 reasons to stop using quantum mechanics to science-wash your delusions. — References: The Emperor’s New Mind by Roger PenroseThe Human Computer by Mark JefferyRichard Feynman quote— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. The full article is here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

I’m forever hearing that there are rules in science. If a theory breaks the rules, I’m told, it must be rejected. Trouble is, if, in the past, we’d rejected any theory that breaks the rules, we’d have rejected Copernicus’s idea that the Earth goes around the Sun, Galileo’s observation that there are mountains on the Moon, Newton’s laws of motion, Einstein’s theories of relativity, quantum mechanics – we’d definitely have rejected quantum mechanics – we’d have rejected everyimportant theory in the history of science. Truth is, every rule for science you’ve ever been taught is wrong. There are no rules in science. So... you may be wondering... if there are no rules, how do you know the difference between a good scientific theory and... nonsense? Well, that’s simple. There’s a formula for a good scientific theory. This 7-word formula has worked for every significant discovery in the history of science. And I’m willing to bet that you’ve never heard of it. — References: Thales of MiletusThales’ eclipseGalileo GalileiGalileo’s mathematics quotationJohannes KeplerIsaac NewtonWerner HeisenbergMax BornWolfgang PauliErwin SchrödingerPaul DiracString TheoryOverfittingStephen WolframJonathan GorardThe Wolfram Physics ProjectCredits: Jupiter and Moons through a 10” lx200 telescope by Jan Sandberg, enhanced by Google Gemini, reproduced with permission: “The copyright holder of this file allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use, and all other use is permitted.”— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. The full article is here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

Stephen Wolfram is an extraordinary thinker. He doesn’t seem to think like other scientists. He doesn’t seem to think like other technologists. And he certainly doesn’t think like an academic. So I asked him how he thinks. How does he have all the ideas I’ve been exploring at The Last Theory? Here are 10 ways to have big ideas, derived from Stephen’s answer: Drill down to the foundationsExperiment with your ideasTry to understand your findingsHave the humility to doubt your expectationsHave the confidence to push ahead regardlessExplain your ideas to othersDiscuss your ideas with othersGet to know when an idea will take flightDon’t miss a step: imagine, experiment, explainVisualize your ideas— Stephen Wolfram Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community DiscordConcept mentioned by Stephen Computational irreducibility— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

If physics is computational, then what gets computed when? This is a surprisingly deep question. The seemingly even computation of the universe gives us a clue, not just to the nature of time, but to the nature of the universe. And it leads us to a wider question: Why are we in the universe we’re in? Let me introduce you to three different answers to that question... sodifferent that they don’t even agree on whether one universe exists, or every possible universe exists. — References Anthropic PrincipleCredits Image of Messier 101 galaxy by ESA/Hubble licensed under CC BY 4.0Image of galaxies by NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team licensed under CC BY 4.0Retina image by د.مصطفى الجزار licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. The full article is here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

Stephen Wolfram has many philosophical ideas, but I’ve not heard him talk about pure philosophy. When I asked him about the relationship between physics and philosophy, I understood why. Stephen revealed that he’s much more at home in the concrete world of computer experiments than in the arguments of the philosophers. “When I look at the arguments,” he says, “I can’t tell if they make sense or not. There’s too much wiggling...” — Stephen Wolfram Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community DiscordPeople and concepts mentioned by Stephen Immanuel KantKant’s antinomiesComputational equivalenceThe RuliadThe Concept of the Ruliad— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web Mind I release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

Do different observers think differently? Or does the principle of computational equivalence mean that all observers think the same way? Stephen Wolfram takes this question and runs with it. If we had brains the size of planets, he suggests, the finite speed of light would force us to think of space and time differently, and abandon the fiction of an instantaneous state of space. If we had brains the size of molecules, he says, we’d no longer think of the motion of molecules as random, and we’d find the heat death of the universe a far more interesting prospect. And if we were able to hold multiple paths through the multiway graph in our minds at the same time, we’d have multiple threads of experience... and some complicated conversations! We think the way we think because we are the way we are... if we were much larger-scale, much smaller-scale or if we had multiway minds, then we’d think very differently. And this has some serious consequences, Stephen suggests, in fields as diverse as molecular biology and parallel computing. — Stephen Wolfram Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community DiscordCredits Fullerene by YassineMrabet licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

Physics, the way we’ve thought about it for the last few hundred years, requires us to make assumptions about time. In our old way of thinking, just as we must assume three axes of space – scales along which we can measure what’s where – so we must assume an axis of time – a scale along which we can measure what happens when. It doesn’t matter whether, like Newton, we assume an absolute scale along which we can measure what happens when according to a giant clock in the sky, or whether, like Einstein, we assume a relative scale along which we can measure what happens when according to a tiny clock in each and every reference frame. Either way, we must assume an axis of time. Wolfram Physics, on the other hand, doesn’t require us to make anyassumptions about time. We need only posit the application of rules to the nodes and edges of the hypergraph, and time emerges. The evolution of the hypergraph is time... ...which gives us a profound clue, not just to the nature of time, but to the nature of the universe. — References The canonical mass of a neutron star is 1.4 solar massesThe mass of the Sun is 1.988416 × 10^30 kgThe mass of a neutron is 1.67492750056(85) × 10^-27 kgSo the number of neutrons in a neutron star, assuming neutron stars are made entirely of neutrons (which they’re not), is 1.4 × 1.988416 × 10^30 kg / 1.67492750056(85) × 10^-27 kg ~ 10^57Credits Pulsar animation by Michael Kramer licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0Retina image by د.مصطفى الجزار licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. The full article is here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

Different observers, from different regions of the ruliad, experience the universe in different ways. To what extent can these different observers communicate their different experiences? Can dogs, with their olefactory ways of mapping their worlds through scent, truly understand humans, with our one-dimensional ways of mapping our world through language? Can humans, with our one-dimensional streams of language, truly understand AI image generators, with their parallel diffusion models? If we ever met aliens, would we be able to communicate with them? How might it be to think like an alien? Stephen Wolfram explores some of the mind-bending implications of different regions of the ruliad giving rise to different experiences of the universe.  — Stephen Wolfram Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community DiscordReferences Ruliad definitionRuliad article— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

The ruliad is every possible computation. What could you possibly say about such an enormous, all-encompassing object? Well, that’s where we come in. Particular observers sample the ruliad in particular ways. Observers like us sample the ruliad in ways that give rise to physics as weknow it. Ruliad + observer = physics. In this excerpt from my conversation with Stephen Wolfram, he explores how physics, mathematics and biology all arise from this same enormous, all-encompassing object, the ruliad. He gets to aliens, too, asking such provocative questions as how far from us in rulial space are the nearest aliens? — Stephen Wolfram Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community DiscordReferences Ruliad definitionRuliad articleSecond Law of Thermodynamics articleSecond Law of Thermodynamics historyMetamathematics articleMetamathematics bookBiological evolution articleBiological evolution follow-upComputational irreducibility— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

The hypergraphs generated by Wolfram Physics are complex and chaotic. The multiway graphs that trace every possible evolution of these hypergraphs become extremely complex and extremely chaotic after only a few iterations. The causal graphs that plot which of the events in these multiway graphs has to happen before which of the other events look like spaghetti. If we’re going to find mass/energy or momentum in Wolfram Physics – or special relativity or general relativity or quantum mechanics – then the causal graph is the place to look. But if we’re going to have to find all of physics in a causal graph that looks like spaghetti, then I give up. If we’re going to find all of physics in the causal graph, then we’re going to have to simplify. How to simplify the causal graph? Two ways: use a simpler rule; andcollapse multiple nodes representing the same event into a singlenode.Don’t worry, by the time we’re done, that’ll all make sense! This is the pivotal episode in my exploration of Wolfram Physics. It establishes a firm foundation what comes next. From here on, we’ll be able to make serious progress... towards mass/energy, momentum, special relativity, general relativity and quantum mechanics. — The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. The full article is here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

It’s been a while since my last episode of The Last Theory or Open Web Mind. Where am I? It might look like I’m lazing in the sun, but actually I’ve been working hard. For The Last Theory, I’ve been working on a long episode, more involved than any I’ve ever made, and more important than any I’ve ever made. It’ll unlock mass/energy, momentum, special relativity, general relativity and quantum mechanics. And I’ve been working on Open Web Mind, too, making serious progress towards launch. So I’m sorry for the delay, but it’ll be worth the wait. In the meantime, make sure you’re subscribed to my newsletters at lasttheory.com and openwebmind.com to be the first to know when the train’s leaving the station. — The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web Mind I release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

Electrons may be tiny black holes propagating through the hypergraph. After all, electrons and black holes have much in common: they’re carriers of pure motion, they’re all the same – from the outside, at least – and we don’t know what’s going on inside them. Just as black holes may cloak the remants of collapsed civilizations, so electrons may hold secret histories of their paths through the universe. Stephen Wolfram takes this idea further. If particles, such as electrons, are the carriers of pure motion in physical space, what are the carriers of pure motion in branchial space and rulial space? Maybe, in rulial space, it’s the discrete concepts we use to communicate ideas from one mind to another. These are fascinating speculations, but Stephen insists that we need not know what a particle is to make progress with his framework. We can understand energy without knowing what a particle is; we can understand momentum without knowing what a particle is; maybe we can even derive Quantum Field Theory from the Wolfram model without ever knowing what a particle is. — Stephen Wolfram Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community DiscordReferences Black holesBlack hole mergersKuratowski’s theoremWagner’s theoremConway’s Game of Life resources include Alan Dewar’s implementation, Chris Rowett’s Life Viewer, playgameoflife.com and ConwayLife.comEnergy is the flux of causal edges through spacelike hypersurfacesCausal graphQuantum electrodynamicsQuantum chromodynamicsThe Standard ModelRichard FeynmanFeynman diagramQuantum Field TheoryS-matrix or scattering matrixVirtual particlesBrancial spaceRulial spaceComputational irreducibilityVideos and images Eddy line over the Eastern Pacific video by GOES imagery: CSU/CIRA & NOAA public domainPerpetual Ocean 2: Western Boundary Currents video and image by NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio / Greg Shirah reproduced under NASA Images and Media Usage GuidelinesFlight around a black hole video and image by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center / J. Schnittman and B. Powell via NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio reproduced under NASA Images and Media Usage GuidelinesMerging Black Holes video by NASA / Dana Berry via NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio reproduced under NASA Images and Media Usage GuidelinesBlack Holes: Monsters in Space (Artist’s Concept) image by NASA / JPL-Caltech reproduced under NASA Images and Media Usage Guidelines— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

The multiway graph shows every possible evolution of the universe. So, if we can compute every possible reality, does that mean that there’s no single objective reality? Well, the causal graph, it turns out, collapses every possible reality into a single objective reality in a way that’s so unexpected that you’ll be left wondering: how did that just happen? — References: The hypergraph   video ⋅ podcast ⋅ articleThe multiway graph   video ⋅ podcast ⋅ articleThe causal graph   video ⋅ podcast ⋅ articleCausal invariance   video ⋅ podcast ⋅ articleDifferent observers might follow different paths through the multiwaygraph, but they see the same causal graph— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. The full article is here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.

In this fascinating exposition, Stephen Wolfram connects two of the most important breakthroughs of our time: AI and the ruliad. I ask Stephen how he thinks about knowledge hypergraphs, which I’m exploring at Open Web Mind. He offers several important insights. Stephen draws a distinction between human-like minds and formal knowledge. Human-like minds include both our own brains and Large Language Models. Such minds, Stephen suggests, are good at making broad but shallow connections. Formal knowledge, on the other hand, is deep and precise. Stephen has spent a lifetime building computational towers of such knowledge. He proposes that Large Language Models might serve as interfaces to formal knowledge. He warns, however, that much of this knowledge might be inaccessible to minds like ours. To illustrate the difficulty, Stephen contrasts the 50,000 or so concepts to which we humans have assigned words, such as “cat” and “dog”, with the infinite variability an AI can generate, both within human concepts and in the interconcept space in between. Tying this back to physics, Stephen Wolfram posits that the concepts of space, time, energy, etc. we have internalized occupy only a tiny part of the ruliad. — Stephen Wolfram Stephen WolframThe Wolfram Physics ProjectWolfram InstituteWolfram Institute Community DiscordRelated writings from Stephen Generative AI Space and the Mental Imagery of Alien MindsHow to Think Computationally about AI, the Universe and EverythingThe Concept of the RuliadMore on knowledge hypergraphs at Open Web Mind: Open Web MindOpen Web Mind YouTube channelSign up for my newsletter— The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery founder of Open Web MindI release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here. Kootenay Village Ventures Inc.