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Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils by The Fifth Lateran Council. How did the Age of Discovery influence the Church? What were some of the major problems scandalizing the Catholic faith? And how did the Church’s 18th ecumenical council prove to be too little too late? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * Video: General Councils 12: The Councils of Lyons II & Florence - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * Papal Encyclicals Online: The Fifth Lateran Council * Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fifth Lateran Council * Episode 112: Not all Popes are Saints * Showtime Series - The Borgias PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) * Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179) * Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) * Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245) * Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274) * Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312) * Episode 167: The Avignon Papacy & The Great Western Schism * Episode 168: The Council of Constance (1414-1418) * Episode 169: The Council of Florence (1431-1445) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

In continuation of our series on the 21 Ecumenical Councils, Justin Hibbard talks about the Council of Florence, which occurred in Basel, Ferrara, Florence, and Rome. What began as an attempt to thwart papal supremacy led to one of the most potentially significant councils in history as the Eastern Greek Church united with the Western Latin Church. Would that unity survive? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * Video: General Councils 12: The Councils of Lyons II & Florence - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * Papal Encyclicals Online: The Council of Florence * Catholic Encyclopedia: The Council of Florence * Ancient Faith Radio: Bishops-Part 42: The Council of Florence (Orthodox Source) * Laetentur Caeli * Episode 63: Not all Catholics are Roman Catholic * Shameless Popery: Why I’m not Orthodox PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) * Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179) * Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) * Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245) * Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274) * Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312) * Episode 167: The Avignon Papacy & The Great Western Schism * Episode 168: The Council of Constance (1414-1418) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Council by examining the 16th Council - the Council of Constance, which met to solve the dilemma of three rival popes. How did the council solve the Great Western Schism, and how did it address some of the forerunners of Protestantism? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * Video: General Councils 11: The Council of Constance - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * Papal Encyclicals Online: The Council of Constance (1414-18) * Catholic Encyclopedia: The Council of Constance PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) * Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179) * Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) * Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245) * Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274) * Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312) * Episode 167: The Avignon Papacy & The Great Western Schism Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical by examining the history between the Councils of Vienne and Constance. Why did the papacy move from Rome to Avignon? Who were the seven French Popes that make up the Avignon Papacy? And how did the return of the papacy to Rome lead to the Great Western Schism where three men claimed to be the rightful Pope? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * Nine Popes in Avignon * Catholic Answers: Was Avignon the Babylon of the West * Video: General Councils 11: The Council of Constance - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * Unam Santam - Pope Boniface VIII * Video: The Palace of the Popes in Avignon PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) * Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179) * Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) * Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245) * Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274) * Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

In continuation of our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils, Justin Hibbard uncovers one of the most controversial councils - the Council of Vienne (Vienne, France… not Vienna, Austria). How did this council become a puppet of the French Monarch, begin the Avignon Papacy, and result in the unjust dissolution of the Knights Templar? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * The Council of Vienne - Papal Encyclicals Online * Second Council of Vienne - New Advent * Video: General Councils 10: Lyons I and Vienne - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * Unam Santam - Pope Boniface VIII * The Types of Papal Documents and Weight of Each PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) * Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179) * Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) * Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245) * Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

It’s the end of the Great Schism between the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church! Well… sort of. Justin Hibbard continues our series on the Catholic Church’s 14th ecumenical council - the Second council of Lyon, where Pope Gregory X tackled ending the Great Schism, the crusades, papal election reform, and a few other reforms. SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * The Second Council of Lyons. - Papal Encyclicals Online * Second Council of Lyons - New Advent * Episode #114 - The History of Papal Elections * Episode #63 - Not All Catholics are Roman Catholic PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) * Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179) * Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) * Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Council by examining the 13th general council. How did an unruly emperor lead to this council and force it take take place in France? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * First Council of Lyons - 1245 - Papal Encyclicals Online * First Council of Lyons (1243) - New Advent * Video: General Councils 10: Lyons I and Vienne - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * Episode #56 - Indulgences: the Most Misunderstood Catholic Doctrine PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) * Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179) * Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils with an examination of the Catholic Church’s 12th council - the Fourth Lateran Council. What made this different than the other three Lateran councils that occurred in rapid succession, and why is it considered the most influential council of the Middle Ages and one of the most impactful in Church history? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * Fourth Lateran Council 1179 A.D. - Papal Encyclicals Online * Fourth Lateran Council - New Advent * Video: General Councils 9: Lateran 1-4 - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * The Pillar Sunday School: Feast of the Dedication of the Lateran Basilica * Episode #58 - No Salvation Outside the Church PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) * Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils by explaining the Catholic Church’s 11th council - the Third Lateran Council. How did a 20-year schism made up of 4 antipopes lead to this council, and what reforms did this council seek to implement for both the Church and general society? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * Third Lateran Council 1179 A.D. - Papal Encyclicals Online * Third Lateran Council - New Advent * Video: General Councils 9: Lateran 1-4 - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) * Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

In continuation of our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils, Justin Hibbard talks about the Second Lateran Council - the Catholic Church’s 10th general council. How did a fake pope prompt this council, and what were the decisions that were made in the three short days of this council’s duration? SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * Second Lateran Council 1123 A.D. - Papal Encyclicals Online * Second Lateran Council - New Advent * Second Lateran Council: History & Text - EWTN * Video: General Councils 9: Lateran 1-4 - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism * Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Council with the First Lateran Council - the first general council to occur in the West and the first general council with the Pope as presider (and even in attendance). In this episode you’ll learn about the investiture controversy and the tension between the government and the church that led to a further separation of church and state. SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * First Lateran Council 1123 A.D. - Papal Encyclicals Online * First Lateran Council - New Advent * Commentary on the First Lateran Council - Daniel Castellano * Video: General Councils 9: Lateran 1-4 - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * Didactus Papae * Episode 125 - The Blessing and Curse of Chapter and Verse * Episode 103 - Kings to Fight Our Battles PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) * Episode 159: The Great Schism Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils by talking about the major fallout between the Eastern and Western Church in 1054. How did this Great Schism change the trajectory of future ecumenical council? And were the events of 1054 truly earth shattering, or was is this event overblown by historians. SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * The History of Byzantium: The Great Schism * Video: General Councils 8: Constantinople IV - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas * New Advent: The Eastern Schism * Episode 112: Not All Popes are Saints * Episode 113: The Great Popes * Episode 137: The Importance of Grieving for Pope Francis * Episode 63: Not All Catholics are Roman Catholic PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils * Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

In continuation of our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils, Justin Hibbard talks about the eighth ecumenical council - the fourth council of Constantinople. Learn how this council marked a turning point both in church councils and in church history between the East and the West. SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * Papal Encyclicals Online: Fourth Council of Constantinople * New Advent: Fourth Council of Constantinople * Video: General Councils 8: Constantinople IV - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas (Anglican source) * Video: Against Photius on the Filioque 1: Scholastic Answers (Catholic source) * Audio: Bishops - Part 30: The Tumultuous 9th Century Part 1 (Orthodox source) PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) * Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

In continuation of our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils, Justin Hibbard takes time to reflect on the first seven. These seven are not only recognized by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches but many Protestant groups recognize them as well. In this episode, Justin gives a brief overview of the first seven councils and challenges Orthodox and Protestant claims about these councils. SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * Overtime with Bill Maher: Ben Shapiro, Tim Alberta (HBO) * Most Evangelicals Believe Some Heresy * What Does It Mean That the First Seven Church Councils Were Ecumenical? (Reformed Protestant source) PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) * Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe

In part 11 of our series on the 21 Ecumenical Councils, Justin Hibbard discusses what happened at the 7th Ecumenical Council - The 2nd Council of Nicaea. Why did the Byzantines suddenly decide that icons were idolatrous and how far did they go to rid the Church of sacred art? What were the primary arguments between the iconoclasts and the iconodulias? What did the 2nd Council of Nicaea decide that shaped the course of Christianity? And what are some modern iterations of iconoclasm? HOW TO SUPPORT THIS PODCAST * Become a free subscriber or a patron of Why Catholic? and get the next episode and a discount code to the Why Catholic Etsy shop in your email inbox. * Check out the Why Catholic Etsy shop (all proceeds support this podcast). * Invite Justin to speak at your next event. Inquire at [email protected]. SOCIAL LINKS * Follow Why Catholic on Instagram. * Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube. * Follow Justin on Facebook. SOURCES: * The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly * The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology by Leo Davis * New Advent: 2nd Council of Nicaea * Papal Encyclicals Online: 2nd Council of Nicaea * Video: General Councils 7: Nicaea II (Anglican Source) * Video: Did the Second Council of Nicaea CONDEMN statues?! w/Dr. Fastiggi * Video: Council of Nicaea II (Dominican Source) * Byzantine Empire: Map, History, and Facts * Episode 127: Gnosticism and the New Testament * Episode 126: The Three Different Ten Commandments * Catholic Answers: Relics * Video: Council of Nicaea II (Dominican Source) PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES * Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils * Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea * Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325) * Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople * Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381) * Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431) * Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451) * Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553) * Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists * Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) Get full access to Why Catholic? at whycatholic.substack.com/subscribe