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A parasite that eats living flesh sounds like a monster movie plot until you realize it has a scientific name, a documented history, and a very real comeback story. We’re talking about the New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax), a fly whose larvae infest wounds in humans and animals, driving pain, infection, and massive losses in livestock operations. Through a One Health lens, we trace how this single species ties together ranching economics, wildlife reservoirs, and the fact that diseases do not recognize borders we draw on maps. We walk through the screwworm life cycle and why it’s so damaging, then unpack the surprisingly elegant control tool that once pushed it back: the sterile insect technique. Because female screwworms mate only once, releasing irradiated sterile males can collapse reproduction without relying on widespread insecticides. We also revisit the history behind “eradication” claims in the United States, the long-running strategy of holding a barrier farther south, and what happens when funding, surveillance, and infrastructure lose priority over time. From the Florida Keys to Texas and New Mexico, we look at the conditions that help resurgence: underreporting, movement of livestock, and even pet relocation. Finally, we get practical about treatment and prevention, including the realities of manual larva removal, wound care, antibiotics, and what pet owners can do right now to reduce risk. Subscribe for more infectious disease stories with real-world stakes, share this with a friend who cares about animal health or public health, and leave a review so more listeners can find us. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

This episode, we’re talking ergotism, a fungus-driven poisoning linked to contaminated grains like rye. It’s a vivid One Health case study where weather patterns, crop disease, and human biology collide in ways that were historically interpreted as supernatural, but that we now know are due to the razor thin edge between medicine and poison in the alkaloids nature can produce. We walk through how ergot infects rye, how it survives across seasons, and why insects help spread it. Then we get into the real driver of the chaos: ergot alkaloids. These compounds can vary by region and growing conditions, creating different “cocktails” that change how outbreaks look from place to place. That variability helps explain why some communities saw gangrenous ergotism with dry gangrene from severe blood vessel constriction, while others faced convulsive ergotism marked by neurological symptoms and hallucinations. Ergot’s legacy isn’t only tragedy. We also talk about how people experimented with ergot medicinally, including historical midwife use around labor and delivery, and how modern medicine still uses ergot-inspired synthetic compounds in tightly controlled doses. Along the way, we chat about serotonin biology, migraine treatments, medication safety, and why “natural” doesn’t automatically mean safe. We even close with a brief discussion of the most famous semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid of all: LSD, and what its origin story says about the thin boundary between toxin and therapy. If you like science that connects the lab, the clinic, and the farm field, subscribe, share this episode with a friend, and leave a review. What’s your favorite fungus, and what topic should we tackle next? Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

A virus rarely “comes out of nowhere.” More often, we build the bridge it crosses. We’re talking One Health through two vivid case studies, Machupo virus and Zika virus, and the shared thread connecting them: land use change and the human decisions that reshape ecosystems faster than they can adapt. First, we break down Machupo, a New World arenavirus that causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. We walk through how spillover happens from a rodent reservoir, why the early symptoms can look like so many other infections, and why basic questions about travel history and animal exposure can change everything when a clinician is determining a diagnosis. Then we zoom out to the bigger drivers: Bolivia’s mid-century land reform, land clearance, deforestation, and how agricultural practices and predator loss can boost rodent populations and increase human exposure to them. Next, we shift to Zika, a flavivirus spread by Aedes mosquitoes that became headline news once it reached the Americas. We talk global travel and trade, why Zika felt “new” even though it wasn’t, and the public health stakes of congenital complications such as microcephaly. We also dive into  how humans create environments mosquitoes thrive in like tires, plant pots, buckets, and other containers that create breeding sites right alongside our homes, plus how climate variation can push mosquito ranges into new regions. If you care about outbreak prevention, environmental health, deforestation, and the real-world mechanics of zoonotic spillover and vector-borne disease, this conversation is for you. Subscribe, share this with a friend, and leave a review to help more people find the show. What local land use change have you seen that might be shaping disease risk where you live? Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

A parasite that senses you coming. An “egg” that waits for the right moment. A life cycle designed to turn a host into a nursery. Space pathogen sci-fi stories hit so hard because they borrow from real evolutionary tricks, and in this episode we put that biology under a microscope as we dissect out some of our sci-fi favorites. We start with the Alien franchise and unpack what makes xenomorph horror feel believable: host detection, parasite-like behavior, and uncomfortable parallels on Earth like ticks that track hosts, embryos that respond to temperature stress, and jewel wasps whose reproduction is basically nature’s version of a chestburster scene. From there, we shift to the classic fear that something could arrive from space and infect us, examining the hypothesis of lithopanspermia and the Murchison meteorite as real-world anchors. Then we flip the question: what if we are safe from space, but space isn’t safe from us? What if the most realistic space biosecurity threat is humans bringing microbes with us? We talk astronaut health, microgravity, radiation, circadian disruption, immune changes, microbiome shifts, and how space impacts pathogens. We dig into viral reactivation data, and what that could mean for longer missions and eventual Mars travel. Subscribe, share the episode with a sci-fi fan or a biology nerd, and leave a review so more listeners can find Infectious Science. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

Parasites spark equal parts fascination and fear—and they reveal how closely our health is tied to animals, food, water, and the places we live. We take you from the “heirlooms” we inherited from primate ancestors to the “souvenirs” picked up through agriculture and travel, then unpack what parasites actually do to the human body and why some symptoms are red flags while others are everyday noise. Along the way, we fact-check the social media wellness trend pushing “parasite cleanses,” and explain how self‑diagnosis and self-treatment often misses the mark. Grounded in One Health, we map the real exposure routes—undercooked meat, raw dairy products, and unclean water—and share a clinical vignette of a severe parasitic infection to separate rare but serious danger from common myths. Then we get practical: how proven antiparasitics work, what side effects to expect as parasites lose their grip, and why supportive care for anemia and nutrition matters just as much as killing the parasites.  At the heart of the conversation is trust. People want agency and clear language; medicine offers evidence and accountability. We aim to bridge both—respecting traditional knowledge where it’s validated, challenging hype where it’s not, and highlighting the reliable guidance out there. If this conversation sparked your interest in parasites and health, subscribe, share it with a friend, and leave a quick review. Your feedback steers future topics—what should we fact-check next? Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

Ice doesn’t just melt; it remembers. As permafrost thaws, we unpack what really ‘wakes up’ in the soil—and what that means for human health, animals, crops, and culture. We bring a One Health lens to a noisy topic, cutting through “zombie virus” headlines to explain why most human viruses don’t survive freeze–thaw cycles, and how a 2016 Siberian outbreak became a case study in climate, ecology, and policy colliding. We explore the icy regions of the map—Russia, Canada, Greenland, Alaska, and Antarctica—then dive into the mechanics: frozen soils, ancient organic matter, and greenhouse gases are released when microbes “switch on.” You’ll hear how megaviruses that infect amoebae survived for tens of thousands of years, why smallpox on ice is noninfectious, and how plant pathogens threaten food systems as tourism and trade move microbes on boots and gear. We also explore prion durability, revived nematodes, and fungi’s overlooked role in carbon cycling that accelerates warming. Beyond the lab, we sit with the human story. Indigenous communities situated in permafrost regions face failing infrastructure, disrupted wildlife patterns, and cultural loss that statistics can’t capture. Add in geopolitics: like the Ukrainian war that has severed scientific data flows from vast Siberian regions, creating dangerous blind spots in permafrost surveillance. The takeaway isn’t panic—it’s preparation. Surveil, learn, support cross-border monitoring, and center cultural resilience alongside climate adaptation. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

The average primary care visit lasts about 18 minutes. Complex symptoms, multiple conditions, and a maze of electronic forms don’t fit neatly into that window—and neither do the emotions that come with being sick. We sat down with advocates including a medical writer who was part of ACT UP, a sickle cell advocacy leader and a humanities scholar turned epidemiologist to unpack how patients, families, and clinicians can turn limited time into better outcomes with clearer language, smarter tools, and community trust. We dig into the numbers behind health literacy and why discharge summaries so often miss the mark, then translate that research into steps anyone can use: keep a simple medication list, coordinate records across specialists, and lean on reliable sources like local health departments and major nonprofits. Faith Adjei-Sarpong shares how sickle cell stigma—especially around pain and opioids—creates dangerous delays in care, and how sharing real stories online and off can shift bias. Drs. Heather Duncan and Patrick Murphy explain how plain-language micro-learning helps both sides of the exam room, and how medical writers can bridge patients and providers without diluting the science. We also surface the trust problem. The wellness industry wins attention with community and clear words, even when products are unregulated. So we talk about meeting people where trust already lives—barber shops, neighborhood centers—and why that approach worked from HIV activism to recent Mpox vaccination drives. Along the way, we address clinician burnout, the pressure of quotas, and the case for labor power in medicine to protect both providers and patients. If you care about health equity, patient rights, and practical advocacy, this conversation gives you a roadmap: listen first, use plain language, build locally, and measure success by human impact. Subscribe, share with a friend who needs it, and tell us what you think! Fact-check note: The pharmaceutical industry is currently valued around $1 trillion, but it is expected to exceed $3 trillion after 2030. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

Curious how AI can make healthcare feel more human instead of less? We sit down with medical writer and AI adoption strategist Dr. Núria Negrão, who went from bench science to building practical ways for clinicians, researchers, and communicators to use generative tools without losing accuracy or empathy. From HIV educations roots to today’s most promising AI workflows, we trace what’s working now and where the next breakthroughs may land. We unpack the real bottlenecks: clinicians stuck typing and scientists drowning in papers. Dr. Negrão shows how ambient scribe tools can free clinicians up for face-to-face time with patients, while research copilots can scan literature, connect ideas, and surface the studies that matter. We talk medical education use cases—virtual patients for difficult conversations, culturally sensitive practice, and adaptive learning that meets people where they are. Along the way, we tackle the hard parts: AI hallucinations, bias reinforcement, privacy risks, and the myth that AI is either flawless or useless. The answer is supervision, sourcing, and clear guardrails. Regulation-by-principle anchors our approach: no emotion surveillance, no automated life-and-death allocation, strong data protections, and human override in care. Then we look at the upside for patients. Imagine leaving an appointment with a plain-language summary of what the doctor said, clear next steps, and links to trusted support groups—plus a secure assistant to answer follow-ups when anxiety spikes at midnight. That’s not replacing clinicians; that’s better navigation of the health system. If you want a grounded, hopeful take on AI in healthcare, science communication, and medical writing—one that boosts health literacy and speeds discovery—this conversation is for you. If this sparked ideas, subscribe, share it with a friend, and leave a review. Tell us what you want to hear next so we can keep building tools and stories that serve real people. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

The climate isn’t just warming—it’s reorganizing the rules of biology. We explore how rising temperatures, deforestation, wildfire smoke, and thawing permafrost are reshaping the risk landscape for malaria parasites, heat-trained fungi, spillover-prone viruses, and resilient bacteria. From Kenyan highlands that became friendlier to Anopheles mosquitoes, to urban heat islands that may condition fungi to tolerate our body temperature, to the sobering lesson of Siberia’s anthrax outbreak after unusual warmth, we connect data points to the lived reality of health systems on the front lines. We dive into malaria’s life cycle and why vector capacity accelerates in warmer, deforested microclimates. We examine fungal threats, including how wildfire smoke can disperse spores, and why limited antifungal options raise the stakes. On viruses, we unpack Ebola’s reservoir ecology, the role of habitat loss and food insecurity in human–animal interfaces, and how language and stigma can undermine outbreak response. Finally, we look at bacterial risks within permafrost feedback loops and across water and food systems, where floods, droughts, and soil microbiome shifts threaten safety and yields. Throughout, we keep solutions in focus: protecting forests and wetlands, cutting fossil fuels and air pollution, building climate-smart surveillance and diagnostics, and communicating with dignity so communities participate in prevention. Climate action is infection prevention—and it starts now. If this conversation sparked new questions or ideas, subscribe, share with a friend, and leave a review to help more people find the show. What solutions can you enact in your life to face the rising threat? Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

Imagine a toxin so potent that a few nanograms can shut down a muscle—and yet, in the right hands, it eases migraines and calms spasms. We take you from the sausage-linked origins of botulism to the science of spores, food safety, infant risks, wound contamination, and the carefully controlled medical use of botulinum toxin. Along the way, we unpack how this anaerobic bacterium survives heat, why improperly canned foods can become dangerous, and what really happens at the neuromuscular junction when acetylcholine release is blocked. We break down the top-down pattern of paralysis—double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble swallowing—and why sensation stays intact even as movement fades. You’ll hear practical prevention tips for home canning and fermentation, the reason honey is off-limits for infants, and what to do if you suspect exposure. We also explore diagnosis and treatment: toxin detection, antitoxin for adults, immune globulin for infants, and the crucial role of timely supportive care when breathing muscles weaken. Then we shift to the paradox of Botox. Type A botulinum toxin is FDA-approved and widely used for migraines, dystonias, overactive bladder, and cosmetic goals, yet outcomes depend on expertise, dosing, and aftercare. We discuss diffusion risks, emerging research on toxin migration in animal models, and how to choose trained, licensed providers. Rounding out the story, we touch on botulism’s biosecurity history and why strong surveillance and sound public health systems matter just as much as good kitchen habits. If this exploration helped you see botulism with fresh eyes, subscribe for more science you can use, share the episode with a friend who loves microbiology and medicine, and leave a quick review to help others find the show. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

War is a vector of disease. The battlefield isn't just a place where bullets fly—it's where pathogens thrive and evolve. Throughout human history, war and disease have been inseparable companions, creating perfect storms of contagion that affect soldiers and civilians alike. Our journey begins in the Boer War concentration camps where measles swept through malnourished populations. We explore how the densely packed, unsanitary conditions created an environment where this highly contagious virus could spread with unprecedented severity, even among adults who typically have greater resistance. The trenches of World War I became breeding grounds for tuberculosis—a disease that claimed millions of lives with no effective treatment available beyond isolation, nutrition, and exposure to fresh air and sunlight. It would be decades after the war ended before the first effective medications were developed in the 1940s. War doesn't just spread existing diseases—it creates conditions for new ones to emerge. During World War II, when farming ceased in the occupied Crimean Peninsula, overgrown grasslands became habitats for wildlife and the ticks they carried. When Russian soldiers reclaimed the area in 1944, they encountered what would later be identified as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Similarly, the Korean War saw the emergence of Hantavirus among US soldiers. Perhaps most alarming is our exploration of the current Russia-Ukraine conflict, where overstretched medical systems have accelerated antimicrobial resistance to frightening levels. Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ukrainian wounds exhibits carbapenem resistance rates ten times higher than those observed anywhere else in Europe. These resistant strains are already crossing borders, detected in six European countries and as far away as Japan. The displacement of populations, collapse of healthcare infrastructure, and ecological disruptions caused by conflict create ripple effects that extend far beyond the battlefield. As one expert reminds us, perhaps "more effective than any vaccine, is peace." Subscribe, share, and join us next time as we continue exploring the intricate connections between human activity and disease emergence. The more we understand these relationships, the better prepared we'll be to face future health challenges. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

The cutting edge of infectious disease control isn't just about vaccines or treatments—it's increasingly about data. Dr. Stephen Molldrem, Assistant Professor at the Institute for Bioethics and Health Humanities, takes us deep into the world of pathogen genomics and the remarkable ethical questions that emerge when we sequence disease-causing microorganisms. What happens when genetic analysis can potentially reveal who infected whom with HIV? Why do some communities welcome these technologies while others resist them? From the controversies surrounding HIV surveillance in America to the enthusiastic adoption of TB genomics in Botswana, Dr. Molldrem reveals how the same scientific tools can take on dramatically different meanings depending on context, trust, and community involvement. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the global adoption of pathogen sequencing, bringing terms like "variants" and "mutations" into everyday conversation. But this technological revolution has also revealed deep inequities—when South African scientists identified the Omicron variant and transparently shared this information, their reward was travel bans rather than support. This pattern reveals how scientific advancement doesn't happen in a vacuum but within complex social and political realities. At the heart of Dr. Molldrem's work is a fundamental reminder: behind every genetic sequence is a person, a community, and a set of lived experiences. As one HIV advocacy slogan puts it, "We are people, not clusters." The challenge for public health isn't just implementing new technologies but doing so in ways that respect human dignity and build rather than undermine trust. Whether you're fascinated by the science of disease tracking, concerned about health privacy, or interested in how new technologies reshape our understanding of outbreaks, this episode offers a thought-provoking journey through the socio-technical landscape of modern infectious disease control. Join us as we explore what happens when cutting-edge science meets complex human realities. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

A hidden killer lurks in the humble dust of forgotten cabins and outbuildings across America. World-renowned virologist Dr. Thomas Ksiazek takes us behind the scenes of the landmark 1993 Four Corners outbreak, where hantavirus first emerged on the national stage, claiming lives with a swift and devastating pulmonary syndrome unlike anything seen before in North America. With over four decades on the frontlines of viral discovery and outbreak response, Dr. Ksiazek shares the detective story of how his team at the CDC identified Sin Nombre ("no name") virus by drawing on their unique expertise with Asian hantaviruses. He explains the ecological cascade that triggers cyclical rodent population explosions, creating perfect conditions for spillover into human communities. The conversation turns chillingly relevant as we discuss recent high-profile cases, including the tragic February 2024 death of Betsy Arakawa Hackman, and a cluster of deaths in Mammoth Lakes, California. Dr. Ksiazek explains why spring cleaning poses a particular risk when disturbing rodent-contaminated areas, and why conventional treatments often prove ineffective against the rapid progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. As both a co-discoverer of the original SARS coronavirus and a veteran of countless global outbreaks, Dr. Ksiazek offers profound wisdom on what makes outbreak responses succeed or fail. His insights on the critical importance of early detection and international cooperation carry urgent lessons for our pandemic-weary world. Whether you're a scientist, healthcare worker, or simply someone who might one day clean out a dusty cabin, this episode delivers potentially life-saving knowledge about a persistent threat hiding in plain sight. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

Measles isn't just a childhood rash—it's a potentially devastating illness that can reset your entire immune system. In this eye-opening conversation, our team explores why this ancient virus still demands our attention in 2025. When we began recording this episode, a troubling measles outbreak was unfolding in Texas, with two unvaccinated children already having lost their lives. We dive into the history of this disease, tracing its evolution from cattle plague to human pathogen and explaining why the World Health Organization classifies it as one of the world's most contagious diseases. What makes measles particularly dangerous isn't just its extraordinary transmissibility—it's a phenomenon called "immune amnesia." This lesser-known complication can erase your body's hard-earned immunity to other pathogens for up to three years after infection. Dr. Matt Dasco shares his firsthand clinical experiences treating measles patients, painting a vivid picture of why prevention is so crucial. The good news? We have an exceptionally effective vaccine. The MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine provides 97% protection after two doses and confers lifetime immunity. Yet despite this medical marvel, vaccine hesitancy fueled by misinformation has allowed measles to stage a comeback after being declared eliminated in the US in 2000. Our team doesn't shy away from addressing difficult questions about vaccine communication, acknowledging that building trust requires honest conversations about both benefits and risks. We explore why middle and high-income communities often experience higher vaccine hesitancy and how social media amplifies misinformation. Whether you're concerned about current outbreaks, curious about infectious disease, or simply want to understand how to evaluate health information critically, this episode offers vital insights into protecting our communities from a preventable threat. Subscribe now to join our evidence-based conversation about the health challenges that affect us all. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.

What if your Google searches could predict disease outbreaks before traditional surveillance methods? That's exactly what happened during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic when researchers discovered online search patterns matched CDC data – but delivered results much faster. Welcome to the fascinating world of infodemiology, where digital footprints become powerful tools for public health. In this eye-opening conversation with experts Dr. Heather Duncan and Dr. Patrick Murphy, we explore how researchers analyze everything from tweets to search queries to understand health trends, track disease spread, and even identify mental health risks. The implications are both promising and concerning. While infodemiology offers unprecedented speed and insights for public health response, it raises critical questions about privacy, ethics, and the responsibility that comes with identifying health risks online. If AI flags someone as potentially suicidal based on their social media activity, what obligations exist to connect them with resources? Perhaps most shocking is the revelation that just 12 individuals were responsible for 60% of the anti-vaccine content circulating on certain platforms. This precision mapping of information flow demonstrates infodemiology's potential to target interventions effectively. As social media increasingly becomes Americans' primary source of health information, understanding these digital dynamics becomes crucial for public health. Dr. Duncan shares her vision of creating accessible, automated tools that would allow even small health departments to harness these powerful insights without extensive resources. Subscribe to Infectious Science for more fascinating conversations at the intersection of technology and public health, and share your thoughts on how digital surveillance might shape the future of healthcare. Send us Fan Mail Thanks for listening to the Infectious Science Podcast, we hope you enjoyed this  episode. You can find more cool science content on infectiousscience.org.  Please leave us a review and share this episode with others who may be interested, and don’t hesitate to ask us questions or tell us which topics you want to hear covered in future episodes.