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Pneumothorax explained clearly, including subtypes (e.g Primary, Secondary, Tension) as well as pneumothorax pathophysiology. We also cover symptoms, diagnosis (including x ray findings!) as well as treatment options. Notes & Practice Questions: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/respiratory For more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/c/RhesusMedicine?sub_confirmation=1 Timestamps: 0:00 What is a pneumothorax? 1:13 Pneumothorax Pathophysiology 3:46 Pneumothorax Risk Factors 4:59 Pneumothorax Symptoms & Signs 6:24 Pneumothorax Diagnosis 8:14 Pneumothorax Treatment Social Media:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.  References MSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Pneumothorax. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-pleural-disorders/pneumothoraxGeeky Medics (2024) Pneumothorax. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/pneumothorax/Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Pneumothorax. Available at: https://litfl.com/pneumothorax-ccc/Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Tension pneumothorax – an alternative view. Available at: https://litfl.com/tension-pneumothorax/Roberts, M.E. et al. (2023) 'British Thoracic Society Guideline for pleural disease', Thorax, 78(Suppl 3), pp.s1-s42. Available at: https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/Suppl_3/s1Cheng, H.S. et al. (2024) 'Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: a mini-review on its latest evidence', Journal of Thoracic Disease, 16(7), pp.4756-4763. Available at: https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/88287/htmlAmerican College of Surgeons (2018) Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Student Course Manual. 10th edn. Chicago: American College of Surgeons.

Ectopic pregnancy explained, including pathophysiology and most common locations, as well as risk factors and ectopic pregnancy symptoms. Also includes diagnosis (including ultrasound findings) and treatment options (expectant, medical and surgical).  Notes & Practice Questions: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecology Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/c/RhesusMedicine?sub_confirmation=1 Timestamps: 0:00 What is Ectopic Pregnancy?  1:14 Ectopic Pregnancy Pathophysiology 3:29 Ectopic Pregnancy Risk Factors & Causes 4:25 Ectopic Pregnancy Symptoms 5:55 Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis 8:07 Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment Social Media:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.  #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Acute Appendicitis explained, including classic and atypical appendicitis symptoms, the pathophysiology of appendicitis, as well as causes, diagnosis (including scores like the Alvarado score) and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/products/general-surgery Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What is Appendicitis? 0:32 Appendicitis Pathophysiology 2:00 Causes of Appendicitis 2:59 Appendicitis Symptoms & Signs  5:29 Appendicitis Diagnosis 8:44 Appendicitis Treatment / Appendectomy  LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.  References BMJ Best Practice (2026) Acute appendicitis. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000094Di Saverio, S., Podda, M., De Simone, B., et al. (2020) 'Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines', World Journal of Emergency Surgery, 15(1), p.27. Available at: https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3Moris, D., Paulson, E.K. and Pappas, T.N. (2021) 'Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis in adults: a review', JAMA, 326(22), pp.2299-2311. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34905026MSD Manual (2024) Appendicitis. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/appendicitisStatPearls Publishing (2024) Appendicitis. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493193/Bhangu, A., Søreide, K., Di Saverio, S., Assarsson, J.H. and Drake, F.T. (2015) 'Acute appendicitis: modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management', The Lancet, 386(10000), pp.1278-1287. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26460662Flum, D.R., Davidson, G.H., Monsell, S.E., et al. (2020) 'A randomized trial comparing antibiotics with appendectomy for appendicitis', New England Journal of Medicine, 383(20), pp.1907-1919. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33017106Addiss, D.G., Shaffer, N., Fowler, B.S. and Tauxe, R.V. (1990) 'The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in the United States', American Journal of Epidemiology, 132(5), pp.910-925. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2239906

Vitamin B12 Deficiency explained, including the role and absorption of Vitamin B12, the causes and mechanisms causing B12 deficiency as well as the symptoms. We also look at the diagnosis of B12 deficiency including testing MMA or Homocysteine, as well as treatment options.  PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/products/haematology Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What is Vitamin B12?  0:39 Vitamin B12 Absorption Pathway 2:37 Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causes 4:50 Vitamin B12 Deficiency Symptoms 6:57 Vitamin B12 Deficiency Diagnosis 9:41 Vitamin B12 Deficiency Treatment LINK TO MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ References BMJ Best Practice (2026) Vitamin B12 deficiency. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/822MSD Manual (2025) Vitamin B12 deficiency. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/vitamin-deficiency-dependency-and-toxicity/vitamin-b12-deficiencyMohamed, M., Thio, J., Thomas, R.J.S. and Phillips, J. (2020) 'Pernicious anaemia', BMJ, 369, m1319. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1319Langan, R.C. and Goodbred, A.J. (2017) 'Vitamin B12 deficiency: recognition and management', American Family Physician, 96(6), pp.384-389. Available at: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0915/p384.htmlStatPearls Publishing (2024) Vitamin B12 deficiency. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

An approach to chest pain, featuring the main life threatening conditions we don't want to miss - including typical features in the history and physical exam, ECG and recommended further investigations.  PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/products/assessment-or-interpretation Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 Chest Pain Introduction 0:40 Acute Coronary Syndrome 3:17 Tension Pneumothorax 4:03 Pulmonary Embolism 5:14 Cardiac Tamponade 6:30 Aortic Dissection 7:43 Esophageal Rupture 8:34 Cardiac vs Non Cardiac Chest Pain (Other Causes of Chest Pain)  LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.  References BMJ Best Practice (2026) Assessment of chest pain – Differential diagnosis of symptoms. BMJ Publishing Group.Farkas, J. (2025) Approach to chest pain. EMCrit Project. Published 15 January 2025.McGill Journal of Medicine (n.d.) Approach to: Chest pain. McGill Journal of Medicine.Kendall, J.M. and Hancock, I. (2019) Chest Pain Syndromes. RCEMLearning EMFP. Published 16 July 2019.

An approach to dyspnea (shortness of breath), including the dyspnea pyramid to remember the differentials, as well as key investigations that help identify the cause, as well as common patterns in the history and physical examination. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/products/assessment-or-interpretation Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What is Dyspnea? 0:19 The Dyspnea Pyramid 2:50 Dyspnea History & Physical Exam Patterns 4:43 Dyspnea Investigations LINK TO MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. References BMJ Best Practice (2025) Evaluation of dyspnoea in adults. BMJ Publishing Group.BMJ Best Practice (2025) Acute dyspnoea. BMJ Publishing Group.National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2025) Breathlessness. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS).MSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Dyspnea. MSD Manual Professional Edition.StatPearls (2024) Dyspnea. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.Parshall, M.B., Schwartzstein, R.M., Adams, L., Banzett, R.B., Manning, H.L., Bourbeau, J., Calverley, P.M.A., Gift, A.G., Harver, A., Lareau, S.C., Mahler, D.A. and O'Donnell, D.E. (2012) An Official American Thoracic Society Statement: Update on the Mechanisms, Assessment, and Management of Dyspnea. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 185(4), pp.435–452.

Chest X-ray interpretation made easy, a systematic approach to reading CXR. See on YouTube for pathology examples!  PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/products/assessment-or-interpretation Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 Chest X-Ray Basics 0:37 D- Details 0:55 R - Radiography and Image Quality 2:49 A - Airway & Bronchi 3:50 B - Breathing (Lungs & Pleura) 6:33 C - Cardiac & Circulation (Heart & Systemic Vessels) 8:51 D - Diaphragm and Below 9:54 E - External (Bones & Soft Tissues) 10:51 F -  Foreign Bodies  11:19 Closing Thoughts LINK TO MORE MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.  References Radiopaedia (2025) Chest radiograph. Radiopaedia.org. Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/chest-radiograph?lang=gbRadiopaedia (2025) Chest X-ray review: ABCDEF. Radiopaedia.org. Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/chest-x-ray-review-abcdef?lang=gbWard, D. and Potter, L. (2024) Chest X-ray interpretation: a methodical approach. Geeky Medics. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/chest-x-ray-interpretation-a-methodical-approach/Cadogan, M. (2023) ABC of CXR interpretation. Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL). Available at: https://litfl.com/abc-of-cxr-interpretation/

Liver Function Test (LFT) Interpretation made easy, reviewing the tests included within an LFT as well as the main patterns of Cholestatic vs Hepatocellular injury seen, as well as potential causes. Also includes further details on bilirubin, albumin and clotting profiles, as well as some LFT interpretation pearls and further investigations.  PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/products/assessment-or-interpretation Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What are Liver Function Tests?  1:43 LFT Cholestatic Pattern 3:07 LFT Hepatocellular Pattern  5:18 LFT Bilirubin 7:46 LFT Albumin & Clotting Profile 8:25 LFT Interpretation Pearls 9:54 LFT Interpretation Further Investigations LINK TO MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.  References Geeky Medics (2025) Interpretation of liver function tests (LFTs). Geeky Medics. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/interpretation-of-liver-function-tests-lfts/NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (2024) Assessing liver function and interpreting liver blood tests. Specialist Pharmacy Service. Available at: https://www.sps.nhs.uk/articles/assessing-liver-function-and-interpreting-liver-blood-tests/ (SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service)Parsons, G. (2023) ‘Understanding liver function tests: part 1’, Prescriber, 34(7), pp. 19–23. doi: 10.1002/psb.2079. Available at: https://wchh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psb.2079 (wchh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust (2022) Liver Function Tests in Adults: A Guide for GPs (PATH 025). Available at: https://www.ruh.nhs.uk/pathology/documents/clinical_guidelines/PATH_025_Liver_Function_Tests_in_Adults_A_Guide_for_GPs.pdf (ruh.nhs.uk)

An approach to interpreting urinalysis, particularly urine dipstick interpretation. Includes main differentials for each test on the dipstick, alongside tips on urine inspection prior to dipping, as well as potential next steps PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/assessment-or-interpretation Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What is Urinalysis?  0:21 Urine Inspection - Colour, Turbidity, Odour 2:04 Urine Dipstick Process 2:35 Urine Dipstick Interpretation 7:25 Next Steps LINK TO MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) explained, including pathophysiology, causes and a mnemonic for SLE symptoms (SOAP BRAIN MD). We also cover the EULAR / ACR diagnostic criteria for SLE, as well as SLE treatment.  PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatology Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps  0:00 What is SLE? (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) 1:02 SLE Pathophysiology 3:08 SLE Causes 4:21 SLE Symptoms (SLE Mnemonic SOAP BRAIN MD) 7:13 SLE Diagnosis (EULAR & ACR criteria) 9:22 SLE Treatment LINK TO MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ References BMJ Best Practice (2025) Systemic lupus erythematosus – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/103Lupus Foundation of America (n.d.) The history of lupus. Lupus Foundation of America. Available at: https://www.lupus.org/resources/the-history-of-lupusEdRheum (n.d.) Systemic lupus erythematosus. EdRheum. Available at: https://edrheum.org/systemic-lupus/MSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/systemic-rheumatic-diseases/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-slePlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardiac Syndrome (POTS) explained, including proposed pathophysiology, as well as different subtypes. We also review signs and symptoms of POTS, as well as POTS diagnosis and criteria as well as POTS treatment.  PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What is Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome? 0:23 Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Pathophysiology 2:57 Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Symptoms 3:53 Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Diagnosis 5:07 Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ References BMJ Best Practice (2025) Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000308PoTS UK (n.d.) Home. PoTS UK. Available at: https://www.potsuk.org/Raj, S.R., Guzman, J.C., Harvey, P. et al. (2020) ‘Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and related disorders of chronic orthostatic intolerance’, Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 36(3), pp. 357–372. Available at: https://onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(19)31550-8/fulltext Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Anaphylaxis explained including anaphylaxis pathophysiology (immunologic vs non immunologic), clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Includes recognition of airway compromise, use of intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine), biphasic anaphylaxis, refractory anaphylaxis, and the immunology underlying type 1 hypersensitivity reactions.  PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/topics Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What is Anaphylaxis? 0:32 Anaphylaxis Pathophysiology 4:08 Anaphylaxis Causes 5:28 Anaphylaxis Symptoms 7:44 Anaphylaxis Diagnosis 8:32 Anaphylaxis Treatment LINK TO MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ References BMJ Best Practice (2025) Anaphylaxis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/501British Society for Immunology (2021) Anaphylaxis. Available at: https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/immune-dysfunction/anaphylaxisRCEMLearning (2023) Anaphylaxis. Available at: https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/anaphylaxis/Simons, F.E.R., Ardusso, L.R.F., Bilo, M.B., El-Gamal, Y.M., Ledford, D.K., Ring, J., Sanchez-Borges, M., Senna, G.E., Sheikh, A. and Thong, B.Y. (2018) World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidance 2018. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(2), pp. 419–420.e1. Available at: https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(18)30571-2/fulltextTurner, P.J., Worm, M., Ansotegui, I.J. and El-Gamal, Y.M. (2024) IgE and non-IgE-mediated pathways in anaphylaxis. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12350582/Cardona, V., Ansotegui, I.J., Ebisawa, M., El-Gamal, Y., Fernandez Rivas, M., Fineman, S., Geller, M., Gonzalez-Estrada, A., Greenberger, P.A., Sanchez Borges, M., Senna, G., Sheikh, A. and Tanno, L.K. (2020) ‘World allergy organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020’, World Allergy Organization Journal, 13(10), p. 100472. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100472. Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatology Consider subscribing on YouTube:  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Video Timestamps: 0:00 What is Hereditary Angioedema? 0:58 Causes of Angioedema 1:49 Hereditary Angioedema Pathophysiology 3:07 Hereditary Angioedema Types 4:41 Hereditary Angioedema Symptoms 6:29 Hereditary Angioedema Diagnosis 7:29 Hereditary Angioedema Treatment Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. References Patient.info (2023) Hereditary angio-oedema. Available at: https://patient.info/doctor/dermatology/hereditary-angio-oedemaBritish Society for Immunology (n.d.) Angioedema due to acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency. Available at: https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/immune-dysfunction/angioedema-due-acquired-c1-inhibitorHAE UK (n.d.) Diagnosis and investigations. HAE UK. Available at: https://www.haeuk.org/what-is-hae/diagnosis-and-investigations/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (2026) Immunomodulator medications. Available at: https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/drug-guide/immunomodulator-medicationsKnyaMed (n.d.) Angioedema vs edema. Available at: https://knyamed.com/blogs/difference-between/angioedema-vs-edemaDermNet (2025) Hereditary angioedema. DermNet NZ. Available at: https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hereditary-angioedemaBork, K., Wulff, K., Witzke, G., Machnig, T. and Hardt, J. (2020) ‘Treatment of patients with hereditary angioedema with the c.988A>G (p.Lys330Glu) variant in the plasminogen gene’, Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 15(1), p. 52. doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-1331-8.Dickeson, S.K., Kumar, S., Sun, M.F., Cheng, Q., Sclafani, S., Verhamme, I.M., Kenne, E., Müller-Esterl, W., Renné, T. and Gailani, D. (2022) ‘A mechanism for hereditary angioedema caused by a lysine 311–to–glutamic acid substitution in plasminogen’, Blood, 139(18), pp. 2816–2829. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021014167.Kozma, G.T., Gáll, Z., Hiripi, L., Bakk, E., Bodó, K., Varga, L. and Farkas, H. (2021) ‘Screening for plasminogen mutations in hereditary angioedema patients with normal C1-inhibitor levels’, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(6), p. 1162. doi: 10.3390/jcm10061162.Matafonov, A., Sun, M.F. and Gailani, D. (2022) ‘Bradykinin formation by mutant plasminogen’, Blood, 139(18), pp. 2732–2733. doi: 10.1182/blood.2022015967.Steinmüller-Magin, L., Wulff, K., Witzke, G., Bork, K. and Magerl, M. (2023) ‘Mutant plasminogen in hereditary angioedema is bypassing FXII/kallikrein to generate bradykinin’, Frontiers in Physiology, 13, p. 1090732. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1090732.Kaplan, A.P. (2019) ‘Hereditary angioedema: linking complement regulation to the coagulation system’, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 17(1), pp. 3–10. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6332742/

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer explained looking at the key differences in each including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. Includes Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia pathophysiology as well as epidemiology of both Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate cancer.  PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/urology Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What are Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer?  0:44 Normal Prostate Anatomy 1:51 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Pathophysiology 2:46 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia vs Prostate Cancer Symptoms 4:10 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia vs Prostate Cancer Epidemiology  5:09 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia vs Prostate Cancer Diagnosis 8:17 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment 10:10 Prostate Cancer Treatment LINK TO MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ References BMJ Best Practice (2026) Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/208BMJ Best Practice (2026) Prostate cancer. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/254MSD Manual (2021) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/benign-prostate-disease/benign-prostatic-hyperplasiaMSD Manual (2025) Prostate cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/oncology/genitourinary-cancers/prostate-cancerProstate Laser Center (2023) Prostate zones: what you should know. Prostate Laser Center. Available at: https://www.prostatelasercenter.com/blog/prostate-zones-what-you-should-know/Prostate Cancer UK (2025) PSA blood test. Prostate Cancer UK. Available at: https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information-and-support/prostate-tests/psa-blood-test Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.  #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

A look at topical steroid potency (including a memory tool to remember them), including topical steroid preparations. We also cover topical steroid effects and topical steroid withdrawal, as well as fingertip units.  PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/dermatology Please consider leaving a 5* review & subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Timestamps: 0:00 What do Topical Steroids do? 2:09 Topical Steroid Preparations 4:06 Fingertip Units Explained 4:45 Treatment Principles & Topical Steroid Withdrawal LINK TO MNEMONICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:  https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.  #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool