Advertise on podcast: Make Visible: Chronic Illness Explored

Sleep strategies for Long Covid, insomnia, and chronic illness When you’re living with a complex chronic condition like Long Covid, sleep can feel like the one thing your body needs most… and the one thing you can’t access.  Whether you struggle with insomnia, restless legs, sleep anxiety,  constant waking or crushing fatigue, this conversation offers strategies to help. In this week’s episode of Make Visible, Emily Kate Stephens and Gez Medinger discuss how sleep has affected and been effected by their Long Covid and chronic illness, and delve into the practical strategies to try and improve sleep quality and quantity. Emily Kate is joined by sleep and respiratory physician David Joffe, who shares the strategies that he employs with his patients to try and help them with a wide range of sleep conditions, including Long Covid-related sleep disorders. Together, they explore why Long Covid so often disrupts sleep architecture, how reduced slow-wave sleep affects brain detoxification via the glymphatic system, and what the body truly needs to initiate and maintain restorative rest. Based on his 40 years of experience working with patients with severe sleep and respiratory disorders and Long Covid-related complications, David Joffe shares evidence-based insights on: Sleep hygiene for Long Covid and chronic illness Daily routines to support circadian rhythm and sleep quality Calming nighttime rituals to reduce sleep anxiety Supplements for sleep and nervous system regulation Pharmacological supports, including melatonin, magnesium, and glycine And Emily Kate and Gez break down the interview, talking about their personal experience of the strategies discussed, looking in more detail at some of the supplements, and sharing their thoughts on what has or hasn’t worked to aid with their sleep, once again proving the need for a personalised approach when working with patients whose nervous systems, metabolisms, and brains are in a highly dysregulated state. David Joffe is senior staff physician at the Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney where he has specialist interests in Long Covid–related sleep disorders, insomnia, restless legs, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and sleep apnea. He is the Vice Chair of the World Health Networks Long Covid Advisory Group. World Health Network aim to provide governments and healthcare systems with a wake up call on the urgency with which Long Covid needs to be addressed, sharing research and resources.

Why can exercise cause post-exertional malaise (PEM) in complex chronic illnesses like ME/CFS and Long Covid, and how do we avoid the crashes? If you experience a crash after a period of exertion, if traditional methods of ‘increasing fitness’ actually leave you with terrible side effects, this podcast is for you. In this episode of Make Visible, physiotherapist and exercise scientist Todd Davenport joins Emily Kate Stephens to delve into the complex relationship between exercise, energy systems, and PEM in conditions like ME/CFS and Long Covid. Davenport explains why traditional exercise approaches can actually be harmful for people with PEM, which he prefers to term post-exertional symptom exacerbation (PESE) or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE) to more accurately describe this hallmark symptom.  He discusses how tools like the two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) show impairments in oxygen use and energy production, and he talks us through how keeping the body below “ventilatory anaerobic threshold” using heart rate monitoring, pacing, and individualized activity management can slowly improve symptom burden and baseline – without triggering crashes. This conversation challenges long-held assumptions about deconditioning and offers a nuanced, physiology-informed, individualized approach to care, that patients can manage themselves. Topics include: Why exercise can worsen symptoms in ME/CFS and Long Covid What two-day CPET reveals about oxygen use and metabolism Is it post-exertional malaise or deconditioning? Using heart rate monitors for pacing Differences between ME/CFS, Long Covid, and POTS And Emily Kate is once again joined by Gez Medinger to break down the ideas presented by this week’s guest, relating it to their own experiences of living with energy limiting conditions. Todd Davenport is Professor and Chair of the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) Program at University of the Pacific.  His clinical and academic interests as a physical therapist and exercise scientist revolve around complex chronic conditions (commonly preceded by an infection) such as ME / CFS (myalgic encephalomyelitis) chronic fatigue syndromes and Long Covid, working to understand the systems-level pathophysiology of post-exertional malaise /post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion. Explainers: Anaerobic Ventilatory Threshold CPET testing Oxidative phosphorylation Mitochondrial Impairment Neuroimmune Exhaustion You can find guidelines for pacing with a heart rate monitor to minimize PEM in ME/CFS and Long Covid here. Further reading / referenced studies: ME/CFS and Long COVID Demonstrate Similar Bioenergetic Impairment and Recovery Failure on Two-Day CPET (pre-print) Physical therapy management of POTS using a pacing approach: a case report Cardiopulmonary responses to exercise in ME/CFS: A case study Altered effort and deconditioning are not valid explanations of ME/CFS   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Welcome back to Make Visible. For those living with chronic illness or invisible illness, the New Year rarely brings a “new you” — and that can be especially hard after the emotional and physical demands of the holiday season. If you’re navigating ME/CFS, Long Covid, Fibromyalgia, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), POTS, Chronic Lyme, or another energy-limiting condition, please know that you are not alone: Make Visible is back with new ideas, new guests, and a familiar line up of empathy, exploration and a little humour. Journalist and host Emily Kate Stephens is joined once again by Gez Medinger, investigative science journalist, patient advocate, and co-author of The Long Covid Handbook, for an honest conversation about living with complex chronic illness, managing post-holiday overwhelm, and finding gentler ways forward. Together, Emily Kate and Gez explore the emotional toll of the holidays with chronic illness — from expectations and guilt, to isolation and burnout — and share personal strategies that have helped them cope, regulate their nervous systems, and release stored stress and trauma. In this episode, they discuss: EMDR therapy and Gez’s personal experience using it for Long Covid and trauma The importance of processing emotions Breathwork and nervous system regulation as tools for symptom support Finding acceptance, releasing comparison, and celebrating small wins This conversation blends lived experience, practical tools, and emerging science, offering validation, reassurance, and hope to anyone navigating life with chronic illness. Go gently into the New Year, good people. Share this with someone who needs to feel seen - together, we can make small differences. Gez Medinger is an investigative science journalist, filmmaker, and Long Covid patient advocate. He is co-author of The Long Covid Handbook (with Prof. Danny Altmann) and the creator of a YouTube channel with over 7 million views, featuring interviews with world-leading clinicians. He has conducted over a dozen patient-led studies, and his work has been featured in The New York Times, New Scientist, and Men’s Health. Gez previously joined Make Visible on Episode 21. Emily Kate Stephens is a broadcast journalist and breathwork practitioner. As a television news producer when she became sick with Long Covid in 2020, she turned her expertise to interviewing the leading experts in infection-associated chronic conditions. She is passionate about sharing knowledge and revels in connecting the work of practitioners across multiple disciplines, and sharing her lived experience to support patients and deepen understanding.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health  

Dr Peter Rowe is a leading voice for adolescents and young people with Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) and Fatigue-related conditions.  An expert in orthostatic intolerance (OI), which is prevalent in nearly 100% of his patients, he believes that these conditions are treatable and he can move patients from bed-bound to regaining a decent quality of life using existing techniques. He is director of the chronic fatigue clinic at Johns Hopkins Children’s Center where he diagnoses and helps young people with ME/CFS, EDS, Long Covid and related disorders.  Dr Rowe was the first to identify the cross-over of EDS, OI and ME/CFS in  1998  - and his pioneering work has led many first documentations and a prolific amount of research in the field ever-since.  Referred to as a pioneering puzzle-solver, Dr Rowe brings the knowledge that he has developed over the past 30 years to tireless, continued research and daily treatment of young patients. In this week’s episode, recorded in-person at John Hopkins School of Medicine, he tells us “history is key”. At each appointment, he talks through the history of his patient’s symptoms with them and their families, and applies his historic knowledge to treating them with tried and tested techniques.  He breaks down their conditions into it component parts, and treats each with approved drugs and lifestyle strategies, changing the lives of individuals and their families. His work looking at the overlap of these conditions is vast.  He strives to treat, educate and share his knowledge from his decades of experience.  From the point at which he identified the relationship between EDS, OI and ME/CFS the work he produces today identifying the overlaps and opportunities to arise from comparing ME/CFS and Long Covid, Dr Rowe continues to strive to break down these conditions to help patients and healthcare professionals manage them and improve outcomes. Dr Rowe is on the Research Advisory Council of SOLVE ME/CFS Initiative. He has a superb series of webinars for MEAction to help with the diagnosis and treatment of these related conditions. His book “Living Well with Orthostatic Intolerance” is available here.  And use the code “HTWN” for a 30% discount. Additional cited studies: Brachial Plexus Study Cerebral Blood Flow Study   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health  

Amy Mooney’s aim is to improve the quality of life for her patients.  She is an occupational therapist specialising in the treatment of conditions that cause post-exertional malaise (PEM) and their comorbidities  – working with patients with ME/CFS, Long Covid, Ehlers Danlos, fibromyalgia, dysautonomia, POTS, and MCAS. Operating from a place of huge empathy and understanding – she is also a mother of a child with these conditions – Mooney focuses on the individual needs of patients, creating personalised strategies to move patients out of a constant fight for survival, and into a situation in which they can start to improve.  She does this through a full assessment of patient’s ADLs (activities of daily living) and their symptom fluctuations. In this week’s episode Mooney provides us with a breakdown of her approach – endeavouring to build a platform of stability and control for patients by prioritising daily functions and focusing on understanding how symptoms respond to different types of stressors, including cognitive, physical, social, emotional, and environmental factors.  She explains the concept of dynamic energy management, responding to our body’s differing capacities on different days, and encourages patients to regain control of their illness by building awareness and learning from the setback.  With a background in sensory integration therapy, Mooney highlights the significance of addressing all sensory inputs alongside the, perhaps more obvious, other stressors that contribute in this illness. Amy Mooney offers telehealth and clinical services to individual clients in private practice, but is also an educator – advising healthcare professionals globally, including contributing substantially to the Bateman Horne Center’s Clinical Care Guide, authoring multiple articles in “WORK: A journal of prevention, assessment and rehabilitation”, and striving to educate practitioners to a deeper understanding of P.E.M. and the tools to reduce it.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Dr. Kevin Tracey is a pioneer in understanding the molecular basis of inflammation, and identifying the way in which neurons control the immune system via the Vagus Nerve. A neurosurgeon, scientist and entrepreneur, he is CEO of Feinstein Institutes, New York, where they bridge neuroscience, molecular biology and biomedical engineering. His lab’s discoveries led to the first clinical trials in neuromodulating devices paving the way for a new field, termed bioelectronic medicine. In his new book “The Great Nerve, the new science of the Vagus Nerve and how to harness its healing reflexes” he has distilled his research to try and make complex science accessible so that those of us without medical degrees are able to sort the fact from the fiction when it comes to the, much-discussed, Vagus Nerve. In this week’s episode Dr Tracey sits down with Emily Kate Stephens to discuss his expansive work and how he believes that this could be a tipping point in our management and treatment of a wide range of diseases. He explains the role of the Vagus Nerve, a highly complex superhighway carrying messages between the body and the brain, which controls the reflexes of organ function to maintain the body in homeostasis and balance the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Understanding this, previously unmapped, connection between the body’s and the brain’s networks has huge implications for treating inflammatory conditions from rheumatoid arthritis to depression, with millions of patients already being treated with implanted neuromodulating devices. But, he also highlights the need for maintaining the highest scientific rigour and continuing to research why such treatment is effective in some patients and not all. He points to the need for larger clinical trials to understand the effectiveness of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) in implanted devices and particularly in the less-regulated ear-based devices. He wants to arm patients with the information to enable them to self-advocate and explore the possibilities of using the healing power of the Vagus Nerve to replace anti-inflammatory drugs, with the potential to slow disease progression and accelerate healing.   Scientific paper references: Sheep on a treadmill, J.Shanks 2023 The Inflammatory Reflex, K.Tracey 2002 FDA approval of VNS in Rheumatoid Arthritis 2025 Auricular Vagus Neuromodulation, review 2021   Books: The Great Nerve The Inflamed Mind   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

In a change to our usual format, this week Emily Kate Stephens sits down with fellow journalist, podcaster and chronic illness sufferer, Gez Medinger to explore their personal anecdotes and discuss the strategies that have made a difference in the trajectory of their health. Between them, over the last five years of their illnesses, they have interviewed hundreds of experts to unravel the science and medical advancements in Long Covid and other energy-limiting conditions.  In this episode they discuss, reflect on and explore the ways in which they have applied all that they have learned to shape the course of their respective progress. In this, very personal, discussion they veer away from some of the hard science, despite their remarkable shared knowledge, and reveal how many of the softer, more holistic approaches to healing have made the biggest differences, not only in their journeys towards recovery, but in their outlooks on life. From fasting to finding acceptance, from psilocybin to breathwork, their discussions reveal that it does not seem to be drugs or medical intervention that has made the difference, rather nervous system regulation, simple grounding healthy habits, a slower pace and compassion that have really proved key tools.  Perhaps this is because medicine really does not yet have the answers, but this conversation gives hope that, despite this, there are techniques and practices that can contribute to an improvement in quality of life for those suffering from these illnesses. Gez Medinger is a science journalist and former filmmaker, author of The Long Covid Handbook and host of his own YouTube channel - Gez Medinger. Emily Kate Stephens is a broadcast journalist who now focuses on health and medical journalism, and hosts Make Visible every two weeks.  She is a qualified breathwork practitioner specialising in Nervous System Regulation and Buteyko. Both have had Long Covid since 13th March 2020.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Bateman Horne Center internist and paediatrician, Dr Melanie Hoppers, has always been driven to approach her patients’ treatment with a holistic strategy, combining first line medicines with lifestyle, diet, stress reduction and movement.  But in 2015, when her daughter became sick with ME/CFS, it became an even more personal mission to understand, treat and create frameworks to assist people with chronic illness. Under the guidance of Dr Lucinda Bateman, and drawing on the expertise of her colleagues at the Bateman Horne Center, Dr Hoppers has ploughed her energy into helping patients to understand their conditions and their bodies, employing FDA approved drugs with lifestyle measures to make gains in their health and mitigate crashes. In this week’s episode Dr Hoppers talks through her primary strategies for pacing and managing post-exertional malaise (PEM) to enable patients to regain some control over their illness.  Drawing on her personal experiences with her daughter, along with treating hundreds of people in-person and through telehealth, she shares her ideas and resources that people can use at home – from monitoring your morning heart rate, to documenting symptom flares and activities, this episode is packed full of real life strategies to help understand and monitor your illness, and advocate for yourself with healthcare professionals and family members. We also discuss the Bateman Horne Center’s Clinical Care Guide offering advice to patients and healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and management of ME/CFS, Long Covid, IACCs and the multiple co-morbidities that make these conditions inherently complex: Bateman Horne Center Clinical Care Guide Further BHC Resources for patients and professionals: Crash Survival Guide: practical strategies to manage PEM and prevent crashes Brief Educational videos: Diagnosing ME/CFS Post-Exertional Malaise Orthostatic Intolerance NASA Lean Test Instructions ER and Urgent Care Considerations for ME/CFS A Mother’s Perspective – Dr Melanie Hoppers advocating for children, and advice for other parents   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Analysis of wearable data gathered from the Visible app found that symptoms in Long Covid and ME/CFS fluctuated considerably in-line with the menstrual cycle, in a new study from Imperial College (currently in pre-print). In this week’s episode Abigail Goodship, a biomedical scientist at Imperial College, responsible for scrutinizing the data from almost 4000 women, talks us through the findings of the study, which corroborates something which women have been anecdotally reporting for years, and gives us insights into how we might be able to manipulate hormones and work with our cycles to live a more balanced illness. The points at which the immune and endocrine systems interact are complex and multi-layered with the hypothalamus, pituitary glands and ovaries all playing different roles in the functioning of our cycles. Emily Kate Stephens and Abigail take it back to basics, discussing the hormones involved and the way in which they shape the menstrual cycle, before diving into what the research teaches us about symptom variability which tends to worsen in the pre-menstrual phase and improve around ovulation. Understanding the hormones at play at these points, and the impact they have on our immune systems, inflammation levels and pain perception will be key to using this information to develop helpful strategies and potential treatments. We discuss the potential implications of pregnancy, vaccination, contraception, menopause and HRT in Long Covid and ME/CFS, along with the role of hormones in autoimmune conditions, as areas that are ripe for more substantial research in this much under-researched area of menstrual health. Abigail Goodship is a first year PhD student in the Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction at Imperial College London. Under the supervision of Dr Viki Male and Dr Bryn Owen, Abigail is researching the fascinating intersection of immunology and reproductive endocrinology, with a focus on how the immune system influences the menstrual cycle. Her work combines laboratory techniques like cytokine assays and hormone profiling with big data analysis, aiming to better understand menstrual changes after vaccination and the impact of chronic immune dysregulation on reproductive health. Drawing on expertise across both biological and computational sciences, Abigail is dedicated to bridging disciplines to advance women’s health, with a focus on translating research into meaningful, real-world impact. Her work is funded by the Medical Research Council (grant number MR/W00710X/1). Further references from this conversation: Menstruation as an inflammatory event The effect of ovarian hormones on rheumatoid arthritis Oestrogen and Progesterone in rheumatoid conditions Oestrogen in COVID-19 HRT in actute COVID-19 Impact of COVID vaccines on fertility Menstrual cycle and COVID vaccination & retrospective analysis ---- Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health  

The Open Medicine Foundation is the world’s largest non-profit aimed at diagnosing, treating and preventing complex chronic disease. This week, founder and CEO Linda Tannenbaum joins Emily Kate Stephens to discuss the OMF’s work, delivering collaborative research from some of the world’s leading scientists, and offering hope to millions. Now with six specialised centers operating out of leading institutions, from the ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford to Harvard, to the University of Melbourne, Tannenbaum has overseen more than 68 projects to try and understand these life-changing conditions.  In today’s episode she explains the way in which the OMF was launched, in collaboration with the formidable Dr. Ron Davis, bringing together hundreds of scientists, across a huge range of specialities to try to create a multi-system framework to look at these multi-system diseases. And Tannenbaum discusses the details of the most recent studies and trials, including TREAT ME (patient-reported outcomes from 4,000+ participants), Bio Quest (AI-powered biomarker discovery), and the first OMF double blind placebo controlled trial LIFT – a groundbreaking study looking at the efficacy of LDN and Mestinon. From leveraging AI to hosting global research summits, the OMF is committed to bringing awareness, research and treatments to those suffering from chronic complex diseases, and whilst the ultimate goal is to find a cure for ME/CFS, in the interim they are working to improve the lives of patients through better understanding and management of the condition.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

What is the threshold over which PEM is induced in chronic illness? This is a hugely important question for sufferers, and one for which Rob Wüst is trying to find an answer. Assistant Professor in Musculoskeletal Health and Physiology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dr. Rob Wüst is able to see the physiological impact of Long Covid and ME/CFS in skeletal muscle abnormalities. In his latest study (currently in preprint) he finds that “Skeletal muscle properties in long COVID and ME/CFS differ from those induced by bed rest”,  and the abnormalities that he observes in the muscles of this cohort of patients correlate with the Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM), autonomic dysfunction and wearable data that he gathered in another recent study. In this week’s episode Wüst explains to Emily Kate Stephens how he observed exercise-induced worsening of symptoms in almost half of Long Covid patients when they exceeded their ‘ventilatory threshold’ but the much of the time this is from everyday activities such as hanging the laundry or carrying the groceries.  But they discus He discusses the physiological clues emerging from exercise testing and muscle biopsies in patients when viewed alongside wearable data and expounds on the circulating theories on this, including mitochondrial dysfunction, local hypoxia, and ion channel abnormalities.  And he explores the parallels and distinctions between Long Covid and ME/CFS and why interdisciplinary collaboration is vital to unlock these complex, multi-systemic diseases. The Impact of Bedrest Study 2024 Skeletal muscle adaptations and PEM in LC 2024 Should we be careful with exercise in PEM in LC? 2025 Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

This week’s episode takes us on an exploration of the exciting work coming out of M.I.T’s Biological Engineering teams into understanding infection-associated illnesses and the emerging field of menstruation science. Emily Kate Stephens is joined by Dr Michal Caspi Tal, Principal Scientist of the Tal Research Group and Associate Scientific Director at the Center for Gynepathology Research. She is responsible for innovative research seeking answers about the the overlap between infection, immune dysregulation, and chronic illness; alongside working to break menstrual taboos, creating a scientific framework for understanding the implications of the female reproductive system on our health and our sickness Her lab has launched MIT MAESTRO study, a groundbreaking research initiative using leading edge technology, aimed at uncovering the links between infection-associated illness, immune dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, juxtaposing Long Covid against acute and Chronic Lyme. The team study the way in which pathogens interact with the immune system, genetics, and each other to create overlaps with POTS, MCAS, gynaecological conditions and connective tissue disorders such as hEDS. The Tal Research Group is working to bridge engineering and biology to fill critical research gaps— particularly around chronic illnesses such as endometriosis, acute and chronic Lyme disease, Long Covid & ME/CFS. Their work is developing predictive diagnostics and illness trajectory maps to help us understand who is at risk of developing infection-associated chronic conditions, and why.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

A new clinical trial is underway to test a monoclonal antibody as a treatment for Long Covid. In this week’s episode Emily Kate Stephens sits down with Dr Nancy Klimas at Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Florida, to discuss the trial alongside the groundbreaking research and integrative care, that is taking place at the Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, looking at Long Covid, ME/CFS and other complex conditions. The trial, a collaboration between Nova Southeastern University and the Schmidt Initiative for Long Covid, will use an AstraZeneca drug, which is already approved for COVID-19 prevention in those with compromised immunity, on 100 patients in a double-blind, randomised controlled trail. And Dr Klimas, a globally recognized expert in immunology and chronic illness, believes that this has the potential to be a curative treatment for the disease in around 40% of patients. Alongside this new study, we discuss the role of computational modelling and the progress that AI is having in uncovering hidden patterns in chronic disease; the way in which gender differences shape inflammatory responses and treatment strategies; and the critical importance of restorative sleep, nutrition, and anti-inflammatory approaches in improving the lives of patients. We discuss some of the other studies in which the INIM are involved – the Reboot Study, Microbiome research, probiotics, and the COVIDUP study, along with the power of international collaboration, the challenges of funding and the amazing contribution of patients. Dr. Nancy Klimas is Director of the Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine at NSU, and a leading voice in translational research focused on chronic illness, ME/CFS, Gulf War Syndrome, and Long Covid. With decades of experience in immunology and clinical science, Dr. Klimas is a champion for an integrative, personalized approach to patient care.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Data gathered from wearable technology can warn of impending symptom exacerbation in complex chronic illness a new study has found. In this week’s episode Dr. David Putrino discusses the findings.  He, in collaboration with leading immunologists, microbiologists and data scientists, tracked data points from 5000 Visible app users (who enrolled in the study) to establish that HRV and resting heart rate can be used to predict a crash.  Analyzing more than 55,000 readings over 1000 days they were able to see changes in the autonomic nervous system of contributors using this biometric data.  The largest study of its kind, these findings have the potential to provide the basis for individualised care strategies for this enormous cohort of patients. Here we discuss the function and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.  Dr. Putrino gives us an overview of heart rate variability, the way in which it fluctuates, what its readings can determine about our health and ways in which these can be influenced. We talk through the power of breathwork including two of Dr Putrino’s studies – on resonant breathing and hypocapnia – showing the way in which breathing impacts our physiology but determining that we have innate power to influence our health. As Director of Rehabilitation Innovation Mount Sinai Health, Dr. Putrino‘s focus is on real-world solutions for this patient cohort. In a world where new drug approval takes 10 years and technologies in this field can take 17 years to reach market, his aim is to bring patients tangible treatments and protocols in a practical timeframe. Currently involved in clinical trials for rapamycin and vagal nerve stimulation, Dr. Putrino endeavours to re-purpose drugs and technologies that are already approved in other situations to create personalised strategies for this engaged cohort.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Dr. Theoharis Theoharides ‘The Mast Cell Master’ has been at the forefront of mast cell research for over 30 years. A renowned expert in allergy, neuroinflammation, and mast cell biology, his work centers on understanding the regulation of these critical immune cells. His extensive studies explore their fundamental role in the body, the mechanisms behind their activation and inhibition, and their involvement in a wide range of conditions—from asthma and eczema to neuroinflammatory disorders and complex chronic illnesses. In this week’s episode, we delve into the role of mast cells in complex chronic disease. Dr. Theoharides explains how mast cells are distributed throughout the body, the various stressors that can activate them, and how their activation may contribute to overlapping symptoms seen in conditions such as migraines and irritable bowel syndrome. The comparisons draw into question whether a degree of mast cell activation is co-morbid in many of these conditions, or indeed whether some of these conditions are a symptom of mast cell activation. He underscores the urgent need for better diagnostic tools, greater awareness within the medical community, and a broader, more integrative treatment strategy. This includes lifestyle interventions and the use of natural flavonoids, which have been proven to inhibit mast cell activity. Dr. Theoharides also discusses the ongoing challenges in securing research funding and the potential for integrative approaches to address complex conditions – thinking outside the box to treat patients individually, listening to their needs and treating accordingly – which is what he believes they are able to do with his team at NSU Dr. Theoharides is Executive Director, Center of Excellence for Neuroinflammation Research (CENIR) & Professor, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine at Nova Southeastern University.  Prior to this he spent four decades at Tufts University where he was Director of Molecular Immunopharmacology & Drug Discovery.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health