Advertise on podcast: The College of Glycation with Dr. Paul Reynolds

Most longevity studies answer one of two questions without saying which: did the intervention change the actual damage, or did it change a number that estimates the damage? In this episode of the College of Glycation, biomedical scientist and Professor of Cell Biology Paul Reynolds separates the two. A blood-based aging clock can shift a few percent while every cross-linked protein stays in place. Glycation on long-lived proteins is structural damage you can measure. Caloric restriction in CALERIE moved one epigenetic clock by 2–3% and left others unchanged; the same clocks can disagree by years on identical samples. Rapamycin has strong late-life mouse data and a plausible autophagy mechanism for intracellular damage. Metformin has a reasonable glucose-lowering case and an unfunded large trial. GLP-1 drugs have hard cardiovascular outcome data in people without diabetes and compress the post-meal glucose spikes that drive glycation. Exercise has the largest human effect size and attacks the substrate at every step. Skin autofluorescence reads years of accumulated AGEs in collagen and predicts diabetes, heart disease, and death independent of current glucose or A1c. The useful loop is a modifiable input — glycemic variability — and a measurable structural output, not a clock score. Glucose exposure over decades chemically modifies the proteins that hold you together. That modification is cumulative, largely permanent, and measurable on your forearm. Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerba mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds For the full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

Of all the molecular damage that accumulates with age, how much can actually be undone? In this episode of the College of Glycation, biomedical scientist and Professor of Cell Biology Paul Reynolds separates reversible damage from permanent damage. Senescent cells can be cleared. Mitochondria can be rebuilt with exercise. Autophagy can be stimulated. Most oxidized proteins get replaced. Cross-links on long-lived proteins cannot. Cartilage collagen turns over on a timescale of more than a century. Nuclear pore proteins in the brain can last a lifetime. Glucosepane is the dominant AGE cross-link in aged human matrix, and the one serious drug designed to break AGE cross-links failed in a proper trial.That leaves an asymmetry. Reversible damage can be postponed. Permanent damage can only be prevented. For glycation the intervention is upstream: modest post-meal glucose, limited continuous high glycolytic flux (the source of methylglyoxal), supported glutathione and glyoxalase, adequate muscle, lower dry-heat dietary AGEs, and no smoking. Every year spent with a lower formation rate is a year of cross-linking that simply does not happen.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfeYerba mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynoldsFor the full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynoldsPaul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount.Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhbPaul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

Two people walk into clinic. One has a BMI of 36. The other has a BMI of 22. In this episode of the College of Glycation, biomedical scientist and Professor of Cell Biology Paul Reynolds explains why the scale often picks the wrong person. BMI cannot see ectopic fat. A thin adult can have a fatty liver, high fasting insulin, and years of accelerated glycation, while someone much heavier stores surplus lipid safely under the skin. The useful variable is location, not total fat: a personal limit on subcutaneous storage, then spillover into liver, muscle, pancreas, and vessel wall. Metabolically healthy obesity is real and usually temporary — in one large cohort nearly half converted within a decade.Measure waist-to-height and keep it under 0.5. Add fasting insulin and a triglyceride-to-HDL ratio. Fasting glucose and A1c can look normal while meal peaks still glycate long-lived proteins. Skin autofluorescence can read the AGE record those snapshot labs miss.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfeYerba mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynoldsFor the full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynoldsPaul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount.Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhbPaul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

Are we eating too much protein? In this episode of the College of Glycation, biomedical scientist and Professor of Cell Biology Paul Reynolds argues that both camps can be right, because they are describing different people. In midlife, higher protein raises growth signaling through mTOR and IGF-1, and one widely cited cohort found higher mortality before 65 — then the association flipped after 65. Older muscle is anabolically resistant: the same amino-acid dose that builds young muscle can do nothing in a seventy-year-old unless leucine is high enough in a single sitting. Muscle is also the body’s largest glucose sink, so losing it raises the glycation burden. Trial data do not show that higher protein damages healthy kidneys; already-reduced filtration is a separate clinical problem. The glycation question is less “how many grams” than “how was it cooked.” Dry heat can raise dietary AGEs 10- to 100-fold, and browned animal protein is the largest dietary AGE source in a typical diet. Moist heat, lower temperature, shorter time, and acid marinades cut that load. Higher protein can also lower HbA1c by improving the glucose environment. Net effect depends on age, protein per meal, what the protein displaced, and whether it was braised or seared. Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerba mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds For the full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

Food can raise your own GLP-1. It cannot copy Ozempic. In this episode of the College of Glycation, biomedical scientist and Professor of Cell Biology Paul Reynolds tests the “Nature’s Ozempic” claim against the actual physiology. Native GLP-1 is a brief meal-timing signal: Deacon and colleagues showed in 1995 that DPP-4 degrades the intact peptide within minutes, which is why weekly agonists are engineered to last about a week. A food-induced rise lasts through the postprandial window at a fraction of those concentrations. No seed, tea, or capsule closes that gap. What those tools can do is flatten the glucose curve — and that is the part that matters for glycation. Viscous fiber can delay gastric emptying and cut the post-meal glucose and insulin rise even when GLP-1 itself does not move. Eating protein before starch changes the same meal’s curve and does raise GLP-1. Fermentable fiber, bitter compounds such as berberine, and olive oil work through slower or separate receptors. Repeated sharp excursions leave a record in long-lived proteins; a flatter curve means less Amadori product and less AGE burden in tissues you cannot replace. Use the tools. Do not sell them as a natural version of the drug.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerba mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds For the full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds addresses the most frequent question surrounding GLP-1 medications: what happens to muscle during rapid weight loss, and why it matters for glycation. Skeletal muscle disposes of roughly 80 % of insulin-stimulated glucose. When a substantial portion of weight lost is lean tissue (often 25–40 % of total loss), the body’s primary glucose-clearance capacity shrinks. Post-meal glucose rises higher and stays elevated longer, increasing the formation of advanced glycation end-products. Those same AGEs accumulate on the long-lived collagen scaffold inside muscle, stiffening the matrix and impairing the satellite cells that rebuild tissue—creating a slow, self-reinforcing loop of less muscle, poorer glucose control, more glycation, and harder recovery. The risk is not uniform. Some lean-mass reduction is physiological, and fat-free mass is not pure muscle, yet the speed and magnitude of loss on these drugs can be consequential for older adults and women with lower starting muscle. Practical protection is straightforward: prioritize protein (1.2–1.6 g per kg body weight), perform progressive resistance training, track body composition rather than scale weight alone, and titrate the dose so that eating and training remain possible. Emerging agents such as bimagrumab show the muscle-loss problem is solvable. These medications remain the most effective weight-loss tools available; the long-term metabolic outcome depends on whether the muscle is protected on the way down. Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds explains why the kidney is uniquely vulnerable to glycation and why the damage is so often silent until advanced. The organ filters roughly one-fifth of the heart’s output and is also the main site that clears circulating advanced glycation end-products. When function declines, AGE free adducts and their dicarbonyl precursors rise sharply, driving further injury in a self-reinforcing loop. AGEs damage the kidney through RAGE-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress, chemical cross-linking that thickens the glomerular basement membrane, and irreversible injury to podocytes that produces proteinuria and progressive fibrosis. Circulating AGEs also act as uremic toxins that help explain the high cardiovascular mortality of advanced kidney disease. Human data show that higher AGE levels predict faster loss of kidney function and greater mortality beyond standard clinical markers. Practical levers are immediately available: shift from high-dry-heat cooking (grilling, frying, roasting) to moist methods (steaming, poaching, stewing) to lower dietary AGE intake, control blood glucose to reduce endogenous formation, and support endothelial and antioxidant defenses through regular activity and whole-food nutrition. Experimental approaches such as AGE cross-link breakers and RAGE blockade remain preclinical, so the near-term gains remain the ones under personal control. Protecting the filter is largely the same work as lowering the overall glycation burden. Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds examines how glycation helps drive autoimmune disease. Advanced glycation end-products bind the multi-ligand receptor RAGE, activating NF-κB and creating a self-amplifying inflammatory loop that recruits more immune cells. Elevated AGEs and reduced protective soluble RAGE appear consistently in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and related conditions. In type 1 diabetes, RAGE is expressed on both the attacking immune cells and the targeted beta cells, promoting aggressive responses while suppressing regulatory ones. Glycation also contributes to loss of self-tolerance by chemically modifying protein and DNA epitopes so that self-molecules no longer look like self. In multiple sclerosis lesions, methylglyoxal-derived AGEs accumulate in astrocytes while RAGE appears on nearby immune cells, feeding local neuroinflammation. Dietary AGEs from high-heat cooking further raise the inflammatory burden and lower soluble RAGE. Practical levers include reducing dietary AGE load through gentler cooking methods, controlling blood glucose to limit endogenous glycation, and considering carnosine as a carbonyl scavenger. RAGE is a real contributor inside a redundant network rather than a single master switch, so the near-term wins remain the ones you control at the plate and in the kitchen. Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds explains how glycation turns against the cell’s energy factories. Methylglyoxal and advanced glycation end-products preferentially damage mitochondrial proteins and the mitochondrial genome itself. The result is a crippled respiratory chain that produces less ATP while leaking more reactive oxygen species; those radicals then accelerate further glycation, creating a self-reinforcing energy crisis. Quality-control systems also fail: fusion declines, fission rises, and mitophagy becomes defective, so damaged, ROS-generating mitochondria accumulate instead of being cleared. High-energy organs feel the shortfall first — the brain, heart, kidney, and endothelium — linking this single mechanism to cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic dysfunction.Animal studies show that a high-AGE diet impairs mitochondrial respiration and memory, while scavenging mitochondrial ROS can reduce AGE accumulation and restore ATP. Practical levers attack the loop at multiple points: lower dietary AGE load through gentler cooking methods, control glucose and insulin swings to limit methylglyoxal formation, and support the mitochondria directly with CoQ10 (ubiquinol) paired with sensible exercise. Breaking enough links turns a self-reinforcing spiral back into a manageable process, protecting the energy supply that every high-demand tissue depends on.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds shows why the same meal produces a higher glucose peak and slower clearance at night than in the morning — and why that difference is a direct driver of glycation. Controlled studies demonstrate that just six nights of sleep restriction in healthy young men impair glucose tolerance to a degree resembling normal aging. Circadian misalignment independently reduces insulin sensitivity, and the pancreas itself contains an autonomous molecular clock; when that clock is disrupted, insulin secretion fails. A late dinner raises peak glucose by roughly 18 % and reduces overnight fat oxidation, extending the daily window of elevated glucose that fuels AGE formation. Melatonin has limited anti-glycation activity against early Maillard chemistry, yet exogenous melatonin near meals suppresses insulin release and worsens glucose tolerance. Obstructive sleep apnea adds intermittent hypoxia that accelerates oxidative stress and lowers protective soluble RAGE.The practical levers are straightforward and powerful: protect 7–9 hours of sleep, get morning light and dim evening light to anchor the master clock, finish eating 2–3 hours before bed, keep any melatonin dose well away from food, and evaluate for sleep apnea when glycemic control stalls despite good diet. Glycation is concentration multiplied by time. Aligning meals and sleep with the body’s internal clocks shortens that exposure window without changing a single item on your plate.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds explains why the liver sits at the center of systemic glycation. The same organ that clears advanced glycation end-products from the bloodstream is also the one that accumulates them when burdened with fat and inflammation, creating a self-reinforcing loop. Fructose is the key substrate: it bypasses the main regulatory brake of glycolysis, flooding the liver with both new fat (de novo lipogenesis) and methylglyoxal, the most aggressive endogenous glycating agent. RAGE, activated by AGEs and the danger signal HMGB1, is required for hepatic stellate cells to produce scar tissue; once collagen is deposited, AGE crosslinks make that scar resistant to breakdown. The 2023 renaming to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) correctly places insulin resistance and glycemic burden at the center of the diagnosis.Reynolds covers practical measurement tools (FIB-4, FibroScan, and supportive skin autofluorescence) and the specific weight-loss thresholds that matter: steatosis improves at 3–5 %, steatohepatitis at 7–10 %, and meaningful fibrosis regression mainly at 10 % or more. Fructose restriction produces rapid measurable benefits even without calorie reduction, and emerging histology data from GLP-1 therapies further support intervention while the process is still reversible. Fatty liver is a flux problem, not merely a storage problem—and every major point in the loop remains under your influence if addressed early enough.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds expands the conversation beyond sugar into the parallel chemistry of lipoxidation. Polyunsaturated fats in cell membranes undergo radical chain peroxidation, breaking into highly reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, and acrolein. These form permanent advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs) on proteins — nearly identical in mechanism and consequence to advanced glycation end-products. Landmark experiments showed that carboxymethyllysine, one of the most measured “AGEs,” readily forms from oxidized polyunsaturated fats even without any sugar present. ALEs also bind RAGE and drive the same NF-κB inflammatory pathway, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque, fatty liver, neurodegeneration, and chronic lung disease.Reynolds emphasizes that glycation was never only a sugar story; it is a story of reactive carbonyls arriving from two major inputs. Clearance capacity varies between people (notably with the common ALDH2 variant), and practical protection includes choosing more stable fats for high-heat cooking, protecting polyunsaturated oils from heat, light, and oxygen, supporting carbonyl scavengers such as carnosine, and matching vitamin E intake to polyunsaturated fat load. If you have been managing metabolic health by watching glucose alone, this episode shows why you need to widen the frame to include oxidant exposures, fat quality, and carbonyl clearance.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds finally answers the question that arrives after every previous episode: “How do I actually measure my own glycation?” He walks through the practical toolkit that reveals tissue damage even when standard labs look perfect. Hemoglobin A1c gives a two-to-three-month average but can be distorted by red-blood-cell lifespan and other confounders. Fructosamine and glycated albumin offer a faster two-to-four-week window and strongly predict diabetes risk and complications. Continuous glucose monitoring turns the average into a real-time movie, exposing the spikes and glycemic variability that drive oxidative stress and glycation — even in people told they are “normal.” Skin autofluorescence, measured noninvasively in seconds with an AGE Reader, estimates long-term tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end-products and has been shown to predict type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality independently of glucose and A1c.Reynolds frames these markers as clocks running at different speeds and shows how to close the test-intervene-retest loop on the right timescale. A landmark Weizmann Institute study of personalized nutrition based on individual continuous glucose data proves that your own measurements outperform generic dietary advice. The goal is not anxiety but agency: trade the vague fear of a once-a-year number for specific knowledge you can act on, becoming the scientist studying the most important subject you will ever have.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds explains why bone strength is not the same as bone density and how glycation quietly sabotages both your skeleton and your muscles. Bone is a composite material — mineral provides stiffness while collagen acts as the flexible rebar that absorbs impact. Glycation creates random AGE crosslinks like pentosidine that weld collagen strands together, turning tough, energy-dissipating bone into rigid, brittle material that snaps instead of bending. This is the hidden reason people with type 2 diabetes fracture far more often (especially at the hip) despite normal or even high bone density on scans, and why tools like FRAX underestimate their risk. The same process stiffens muscle’s collagen scaffold and overactivates RAGE signaling, impairing satellite cell repair and driving muscle atrophy. The result is accelerated sarcopenia and frailty — brittle bones plus weak, poorly repairing muscle that makes falls more likely and more devastating.The good news is that this damage is not inevitable. Reynolds shows how controlling blood sugar slows glycation at the source, why aging bodies need higher protein intake to support muscle repair, and why resistance training is the single most powerful intervention — it strengthens both bone and muscle while improving glucose control in a virtuous cycle. Skin autofluorescence even offers a noninvasive way to track tissue AGE burden. Your bones and muscles are living, collagen-rich tissues that sugar can quietly sabotage, but the same habits that protect your metabolism also keep you strong, mobile, and independent for decades.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)

In this episode of the College of Glycation, Professor Paul Reynolds uncovers methylglyoxal (MGO) as the real culprit behind most glycation damage — a highly reactive molecule your body produces every second as an unavoidable byproduct of glycolysis, and even more aggressively from fructose metabolism. Far more potent than glucose itself, MGO drives “dicarbonyl stress,” the upstream process that leads to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and contributes to aging and metabolic disease across the body. Your primary defense is the ancient glyoxalase system, led by the enzyme GLO1, which uses glutathione to neutralize MGO before it can harm proteins and DNA. GLO1 is controlled by Nrf2, the master regulator of cellular protection, meaning this defense system can be upregulated when needed.Reynolds explains how to strengthen your defenses in practical ways: activate Nrf2 with sulforaphane from broccoli sprouts (shown in a human clinical trial to improve blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes), support glutathione and NAD status through better sleep and lower inflammation, and use direct scavengers like carnosine to intercept MGO. He ties MGO and the glyoxalase system to every previous topic in the series — from blood vessels and kidneys to the brain, skin, and insulin resistance — revealing it as the unifying thread. The great news is that this system is responsive to how you eat and live, giving you real leverage to reduce production of MGO while boosting your body’s ability to clear it.Paul’s favorite yerba mate: https://unicity.link/121f260bfe Yerbe mate with a special formulated Balance fiber: https://ufeelgreat.com/c/PaulReynolds Full Metabolic System storefront: https://shop.unicity.com/paulreynolds Paul’s favorite source for clean, earth-sourced essentials such as salt, electrolytes, hydration, pre-workout and more. Go to https://redmond.life and use PAULSALT for 15% discount. Paul’s favorite exogenous ketones: A high-quality option is the NSF-certified goBHB from Clean Form Nutrition, where you can use the code Paul10 for a 10% discount: https://cleanformnutrition.com/products/go-bhb Paul’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: PAUL20) Paul’s favorite health check-up for men or women: https://blokes.co/DRPAUL (discount: DRPAUL for 50% off of labs and smart supplements and 15% off all other products)