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In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris explore the concept of indirect training volume and whether exercises like bench presses and pulldowns can maximise growth in the triceps and biceps. Chris explains how motor unit recruitment changes our understanding of indirect sets, and why evidence-based and science-based approaches can lead to very different conclusions.  Key topics include: A silver-era training routine from Mr America and Mr Universe winner, Jack DelingerDo indirect sets count towards muscle growth?Motor unit recruitment and why indirect training may lead to earlier hypertrophy plateausThe differences between evidence-based and science-based approaches to hypertrophyWhy more training volume isn't necessarily betterWant to train like a Silver-Era bodybuilder? Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris are joined once again by Soren Lemrant for part two of his unconventional training routine. This time, Soren breaks down his lower-body workout, explaining his unique exercise selections, creative uses of gym machines, and attempts to target muscles that most bodybuilders overlook. Key topics include: Training the upper abs, lower abs, and obliquesWhy hip internal and external rotation is usually neglectedUnconventional exercises for the lower body musclesThe similarities between Soren's approach and Silver-Era bodybuilding methodsCheck out Soren on social media at lemrant_da_lifta2 Want to train like a Silver-Era bodybuilder? Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris start with a bizarre 1950s workout from Barton Horvath before breaking down how to actually understand hypertrophy research. They discuss what common measurements such as muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, EMG and strength testing really tell us, where they can mislead us, and why understanding the physiology behind a study matters as much as reading its results. Key topics include: Barton Horvath’s 1950s “unusual” routineWhat researchers actually mean when they measure “hypertrophy,” and the differences between muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, muscle volume and muscle biopsiesWhat EMG can and cannot tell us about muscle activation, recruitment and exercise selectionWhat researchers actually mean by “recovery"Why vertical jump performance can be more sensitive to fatigue than maximal isometric strengthThe difference between a large numerical effect and a statistically significant effect Want to train like a Silver-Era bodybuilder? Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris start with a 1947 Steve Reeves workout before accidentally going down an AI rabbit hole. They discuss the difference between “evidence-based” and “science-based” thinking, and how AI can be used to understand research and design training without simply accepting the first (usually incorrect) answer it gives you. Key topics include: Steve Reeves’ 1947 full-body routine, including his rest-pause approachThe difference between evidence-based and science-based approaches to interpreting training researchWhy AI often defaults to conventional answers when asked about training and hypertrophyHow giving AI source material can dramatically change its answersUsing AI to interrogate research, identify patterns in studies, test hypotheses, and accelerate learningThe limitations of using AI to write bodybuilding programs from scratchHow coaches and lifters can use AI without outsourcing their critical thinkingWant to train like a Silver-Era bodybuilder? Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris welcome their first-ever guest, Soren, the “67-set upper day guy.” Soren takes us through his upper-body workout exercise by exercise, explaining the reasoning behind some of his more unconventional setups. Key topics include: Soran’s 67-set upper-body workout and the philosophy behind training so many individual muscle functionsModifying pec decks ad pullover machines to target different regions of the chestTraining the lats through sagittal, frontal, and scapular-plane movementsDirect training for the traps, scapular muscles, neck, and shoulder rotatorsHow Soren manages 67 exercises without spending several hours in the gym Check out Soren on social media at lemrant_da_lifta Want to train like a Silver-Era bodybuilder? Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin with Vern Weaver’s 1961 two-day-per-week routine, providing an interesting example of how effective training can potentially be structured around only two weekly gym sessions. The conversation then shifts into the philosophy of hypertrophy research: what actually constitutes a scientific model, what a hypertrophy model is supposed to explain, and how different models have shaped both research and training recommendations. Chris traces the progression from muscle damage and metabolic stress explanations through to the stimulating reps model, before examining a recently proposed alternative in which every repetition provides some degree of hypertrophy stimulus. Key topics include: Vern Weaver’s 1961 two-day-per-week bodybuilding routineWhat a scientific model actually isHow the muscle damage and metabolic stress models arose to explain unexpected findings in the strength-training literatureWhether criticisms of “the last five reps” are actually criticisms of the stimulating reps model or simply disagreements about its practical applicationA recently proposed model in which every repetition provides some hypertrophy stimulusHow someone might go about constructing a new hypertrophy modelWant to train like a Silver-Era bodybuilder? Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin by reviewing an early female bodybuilding routine: a six-day-per-week program. Despite some problems with the weekly structure, the relatively low number of sets per exercise and surprisingly comprehensive exercise selection make it one of the more interesting Golden-Era routines covered on so far! The conversation then turns to a common question: do different muscles actually require different numbers of sets or different training frequencies? Key topics include: An early female bodybuilding six-day-per-week routine and how it differs from modern female training programsWhy hypertrophy being muscle-fibre specific challenges the idea that larger muscles inherently require more setsWhether slow-twitch dominant muscles such as the calves, quads, glutes and traps can tolerate more training volumeWhy being able to recover from additional sets does not necessarily mean those sets will produce substantially more hypertrophyHow exercise selection changes volume tolerance, including the difference between exercises that load muscles in lengthened versus shortened positionsHow to adjust volume slightly upward or downward depending on the muscle, exercise, individual recovery and training goalsWant to train like a Silver-Era bodybuilder? Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin by reviewing Stuart McRobert’s 1989 hardgainer routine, a minimalist two-day-per-week program designed as an alternative to the increasingly extreme bodybuilding routines of the late 1980s. The conversation then explores an important distinction: is every period of stalled progress really a plateau, or are there times when we should simply expect progress to slow or stop? Key topics include: Stuart McRobert’s 1989 twice-weekly full-body hardgainer routineThe difference between a true plateau and a program that was never capable of producing continued progressWhy strength gains can sometimes make a poorly designed hypertrophy program appear to be workingWhy life stress, poor sleep, dieting, or adding other forms of exercise may cause you to stop progressing without necessarily creating a true plateauWhy coaches should investigate what has changed before immediately modifying a client’s training programThe difference between managing a temporary lack of progress and actively trying to “bust” a plateauWhy temporary stressors may only require reducing training volume, while long-term lifestyle changes may require rebuilding the program entirelyWant to train like a Silver-Era bodybuilder? Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin with another Leroy Colbert routine, this time examining an over 100 set silver-era routine. The conversation then explores whether you actually need to “feel” a muscle for it to grow, what the pump can tell us about muscle recruitment, and where the mind-muscle connection may or may not be useful. Key topics include: Leroy Colbert’s extreme 10-set-per-exercise Silver Era routineWhy “feeling” a muscle and getting a pump are not necessarily the same thingWhy stretch, cramping, and soreness can be misleading indicators of muscle activationMind-muscle connection, internal focus, and how they change muscle recruitmentWhy exercise selection may be a better solution than trying to force a mind-muscle connectionWhen mind-muscle connection and isometric contractions may actually be usefulWhy constantly using a mind-muscle connection can interfere with progressive overloadWhy pre-fatiguing a muscle doesn’t cause the other muscles in a compound exercise to “do more work”What motor learning research tells us about training and practising skills while fatiguedJoin our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin with Leroy Colbert’s late-1970s enormous volume training plan. The conversation then explores whether using pre-steroid bodybuilders as a model for natural training is really an “appeal to tradition,” before examining the evidence that anabolic steroids can directly stimulate muscle growth even without resistance training. Key topics include: Leroy Colbert’s high-volume late-1970s routineWhy bodybuilding training changed so dramatically after the introduction of anabolic steroidsForcing Chris into a philosophy conversation: appeal to tradition fallacy, Chesterton’s fence, the Lindy effect, and Occam’s razorEvidence that anabolic steroids can build muscle without a resistance-training stimulusWhy steroid-induced muscle growth cannot simply be dismissed as water weight or sarcoplasmic hypertrophyThe dose-response relationship between testosterone and muscle growthWhy “replacement” doses of testosterone may still produce supraphysiological effects at the muscleJoin our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin with Reg Park’s 1949 pre-contest routine, which involved training six days per week, twice per day, including the infamous 20-rep breathing squat. This leads into a deep dive on time under tension: Does making a set last longer actually increase muscle growth? Jake and Chris explore why total time under tension may be the wrong thing to measure and whether we should instead be thinking about “time under stimulating tension.” Key topics include: Reg Park’s 1949 twice-a-day, six-day-per-week routineWhy total time under tension may be a misleading measure of stimulusThe difference between time under tension and time under stimulating tensionWhy the early repetitions of a high-rep set may contribute little to muscle growthWhether slowing down the concentric can maintain stimulus with fewer repetitionsWhy very slow eccentrics may actually reduce the hypertrophy stimulusWhether the final repetition of a set is really the most stimulatingUsing isometrics to replicate the stimulus of a conventional set Join our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin with a full-body routine from legendary bodybuilding coach Vince Gironda and the unusual reliance on isolation exercises. The conversation then shifts to workout duration: Is there any truth to the claim that workouts must be kept under 45, 60 or 90 minutes? Jake and Chris examine what actually happens as a workout becomes longer, including declining motivation, cardiovascular fatigue, exercise-order effects, cortisol, and the post-workout MPS elevation. Key topics include: Vince Gironda’s beginner full-body routineWhy Gironda avoided conventional bench presses and squatsCan isolation-only training build a complete physiqueWhether exercise-induced cortisol interferes with muscle growthWhy muscle growth is regulated at the muscle-fibre level, not across the whole bodyWhen an extremely long workout may stop stimulating the same muscleWhy returning to the same muscle several hours later may be redundantWhether cardio after resistance training interferes with hypertrophyJoin our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on TrainHeroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin with an early 1950s “muscular bulk” routine from Jack Delinger. They discuss the minimalist, barbell-only full-body program and how exercise variety may need to gradually increase as a bodybuilder becomes more advanced. The conversation then shifts to training plateaus: what actually qualifies as a plateau, why slow progress is often mistaken for no progress, and how to distinguish between plateaus caused by accumulating fatigue and those caused by limitations in exercise selection or motor unit recruitment. Key topics include: Jack Delinger’s minimalist full-body muscular bulk routineWhat actually qualifies as a training plateauThe difference between fatigue and “stimulus” plateausWhy changing exercises can create the illusion that a plateau has been solvedHow dominant muscle groups can limit the development of other musclesWhen to keep an exercise and add another rather than replacing itWhy adding more volume rarely addresses the actual cause of a plateauJoin our Hypertrophy Past and Present Training group on Trainheroic.com

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin with a 1972 routine from Bradley J. Steiner and discuss what makes it one of the more sensible "golden era" bodybuilding programs they've reviewed so far and whether splitting exercises across consecutive days is likely to be more or less effective than performing all exercises in a single workout.  The conversation then shifts towards the concept of "training hard." Jake and Chris unpack what hard training actually means, why RPE is often a poor proxy for hypertrophy, and how chasing "hard training" can unintentionally encourage fatigue instead of productive training. Key topics include:  Bradley J. Steiner's minimalist 1972 bodybuilding routine  Whether splitting workouts across consecutive days improves stimulus to fatigue ratio Why RPE and reps in reserve are not interchangeable  How cardiovascular fatigue, burning sensations, and instability can increase effort while reducing stimulus  The concept of "quality over quantity" as a better way to think about muscle growth  Why telling people to "train harder" may actually make their programs less effective

In this episode of Hypertrophy Past & Present, Jake and Chris begin with Steve Michalik’s enormous 1972 Mr. America routine and why silver-era routines are the best data set for natural training routines. From there, Jake and Chris explore how the hypertrophy dose-response relationship interacts with the stimulating reps model. They discuss why the second and third sets provide progressively less growth stimulus, whether this means they contain fewer stimulating repetitions, and how the answer depends on whether the reduction is caused by fatigue or stimulus saturation. Key topics include:• Steve Michalik’s 1972 Mr. America routine• How training status changes the number of potentially stimulating repetitions• Combining the stimulating reps and weekly net stimulus models• Why fewer hypertrophy gains from a second set does not necessarily mean fewer stimulating reps• The difference between fatigue and stimulus saturation• How longer rest periods can make a second set more effective• Why making the second set better makes later sets less valuable• Why back-off sets are an inefficient method for doing a second set• How to achieve more hypertrophy stimulus with fewer total sets