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Shoulder Anatomy, Instability, and Impingement. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-01. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Opening vignette: quarterback dislocation 3:28 Shoulder range of motion and the thumb-down block 6:12 Glenohumeral architecture and stabilizers 12:30 Shoulder innervation by motion 17:15 AC joint, Rockwood, and distal clavicle osteolysis 22:42 Instability spectrum: TUBS and AMBRI 26:41 Anterior and posterior instability lesions 29:49 Hypermobility, instability exam, and imaging 34:25 SLAP tears 36:23 Impingement: Neer, Bigliani, and exam triad 42:45 Secondary impingement from instability

Rotator Cuff, Adhesive Capsulitis, and Biceps. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-02. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 1:06 Rotator Cuff Tears and the Critical Zone of Hypovascularity 2:56 Tear types and fatty infiltration 8:01 High Yield - Rotator cuff anatomy and special tests 15:32 Rotator cuff imaging stepladder 21:13 Rotator cuff conservative care and surgery 26:21 Calcific tendinitis and barbotage 29:49 Adhesive capsulitis motion loss and stages 34:25 Capsular fibrosis and associations 37:50 Capsulitis imaging and treatment 43:15 Biceps tendinitis and proximal rupture 47:33 Biceps special tests 49:24 Osteoarthritis vs adhesive capsulitis 52:08 Total shoulder arthroplasty rehab 55:27 Shoulder arthrodesis 57:40 5 Things to Know Cold

Shoulder Fractures, Winging, and Nerve Entrapment. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-03. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Opening hook: medial winging on a wall pushup 2:33 Deltoid segments and the axillary nerve 6:19 Medial winging: serratus anterior and long thoracic nerve 10:10 Lateral winging: trapezius and spinal accessory nerve 14:07 Seddon nerve injury grades 17:36 Clavicle fractures 22:24 Scapular fractures 26:43 Proximal Humerus Fractures and the Neer Four-Part Classification 32:20 Surgical vs anatomic neck: vessels and nerves at risk 37:30 Stress fractures in throwers and Little Leaguer's shoulder 39:53 Suprascapular nerve entrapment 44:07 Quadrilateral space syndrome 45:59 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 54:43 5 Things to Know Cold

Elbow Anatomy, Epicondylitis, and Throwing Injuries. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-04. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Episode Setup 2:20 The Three-Joint Capsule, Range of Motion, and the Carrying Angle 8:38 Ligamentous restraints and nursemaid's elbow 10:59 Epicondyle Origins and the Medial-Lateral Dichotomy 16:47 Lateral epicondylitis 22:53 Medial epicondylitis and little leaguer's elbow 27:25 Throwing Biomechanics and UCL Injury 33:04 Valgus extension overload 37:47 Olecranon bursitis 40:17 Elbow dislocation and the terrible triad 43:56 Distal biceps rupture 48:22 Elbow arthrodesis angles 51:20 5 Things to Know Cold

Elbow Nerve Entrapments and Adult Fractures. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-05-a. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Episode Setup 2:48 Pronator Syndrome and the Four Median Compression Sites 14:46 Cubital Tunnel Syndrome and Ulnar Nerve at the Elbow 24:47 Humeral Shaft Fracture and the Spiral Groove Radial Nerve 32:08 Radial head fractures and the Mason classification 35:03 Olecranon and distal humerus fractures 37:42 Supracondylar Fracture and Volkmann Contracture 43:43 Nursemaid's elbow and CRITOE 45:30 5 Things to Know Cold

Wrist, Carpal Bones, Carpal Tunnel, and DeQuervain. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-06. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 1:55 Carpal Bone Architecture and Wrist Range of Motion 4:51 Scaphoid Fractures and Lunate Pathology 9:04 Extensor Compartments and Flexor Tendon Zones 11:19 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 15:51 DeQuervain Tenosynovitis, TFCC, Distal Radius Fractures, and Ganglion Cysts 20:19 5 Things to Know Cold

Hand: Flexor Pulleys, Trigger Finger, Dupuytren, and the Fingertip Deformity Quartet. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-07-a. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 1:06 Mnemonic - "Lower lesion, more claw" 3:17 Flexor pulley system and bowstringing 7:37 Camper chiasm and FDS isolation test 10:34 Trigger finger 13:59 Dupuytren contracture 19:33 Mallet finger 23:46 Boutonniere and swan neck deformities 28:06 Jersey finger and Leddy-Packer classification 32:51 5 Things to Know Cold

Hand: Thumb UCL Injury, Intrinsic Muscles, and Deformity by Nerve Injury. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-07-b. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Episode Setup 3:00 Gamekeeper Thumb, Skier Thumb, and the Stener Lesion 9:55 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 13:08 Ulnar claw hand, Froment, Jeanne, and Wartenberg 17:19 Median nerve: ape hand, benediction, AIN 20:20 Radial nerve: wrist drop, tenodesis, PIN 24:20 Seddon and Sunderland nerve injury grading 29:10 Hand infections: flexor tenosynovitis, paronychia, felon 32:54 5 Things to Know Cold

Hip Anatomy, Muscles, and Special Tests. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-08. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Episode Setup 2:44 Hip joint anatomy and stability 9:27 Hip range of motion and internal rotation loss 13:10 Hip Muscle Innervation and the Gluteal Nerve Trap 19:52 Trendelenburg sign and Thomas test 23:29 Provocative hip tests: FABER, FADIR, Ober, log roll 29:03 Femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears 32:27 Athletic pubalgia and adductor strain 34:36 Snapping hip 36:30 Greater trochanteric pain syndrome 38:23 Piriformis syndrome and meralgia paresthetica 42:00 5 Things to Know Cold

Hip Fractures, Arthroplasty, and Pediatric Hip. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-09. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Episode Setup 2:16 Geriatric hip fracture mortality and care 5:58 Fracture posture, dislocation, and occult fracture 8:57 The Geriatric Hip Fracture and the Garden Classification 14:41 Hemiarthroplasty versus total hip arthroplasty 18:02 Total Hip Arthroplasty Precautions by approach 22:22 Intertrochanteric fractures 25:47 Femoral neck stress fractures 28:38 Post-arthroplasty complications 37:42 Femoral Shaft Fractures, Fat Embolism, and Compartment Syndrome 45:14 Nontraumatic avascular necrosis 47:46 Legg-Calve-Perthes disease 52:45 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 1:00:13 Developmental dysplasia of the hip 1:05:02 Transient synovitis versus septic arthritis 1:08:02 Heterotopic ossification 1:12:44 Hamstring injuries 1:16:20 Apophyseal avulsion fractures 1:21:49 5 Things to Know Cold

Knee Anatomy, ACL, PCL, and Ligaments. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-10. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Episode Setup 2:57 Knee anatomy and screw-home mechanism 5:48 Range of Motion and Q-Angle 10:10 Quadriceps, hamstrings, and biceps short head 12:54 ACL Injury, Lachman, Pivot Shift, and the Segond Fracture 21:06 PCL Injury, Sag Sign, and Quadriceps Active Test 23:57 MCL, LCL, and posterolateral corner 27:02 Unhappy triad and knee dislocation 30:13 5 Things to Know Cold

Knee Meniscus, Patellofemoral, and Overuse. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-11. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Episode Setup 3:13 Meniscus Anatomy, Vascular Zones, and Tear Patterns 9:15 Meniscal tears and provocative tests 16:31 Meniscus repair versus resection rehab 18:52 Patellofemoral pain and lateral maltracking 24:19 Acute patellar dislocation 27:37 Patellofemoral rehab, joint forces, and bicycle fitting 33:41 Patellar tendinopathy and extensor ruptures 37:29 IT band syndrome 42:17 Knee bursitis and pes anserine 44:14 Osgood-Schlatter, Sinding-Larsen-Johansson, and plica 47:11 Knee osteoarthritis and the treatment ladder 54:43 Total knee arthroplasty rehab and complications 59:42 Osteochondritis dissecans 1:01:58 5 Things to Know Cold

Ankle Anatomy, Lateral Sprains, Achilles Pathology, and Compartment Syndrome. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-12. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Episode Setup 2:43 The Ankle Mortise, Range of Motion, and the Inversion Bias 7:51 Lateral ligament sequence and the deltoid 12:15 High ankle sprain and the syndesmosis 15:53 Lateral sprain tests, grades, and management 20:09 Ottawa ankle and foot rules 24:18 Weber ankle fracture classification 26:52 Hawkins talar neck fractures and Hawkins sign 31:42 Triceps surae and Achilles rupture 40:14 Achilles tendinopathy 45:53 Acute compartment syndrome 52:41 Exertional leg pain differential 57:06 Sinus tarsi and peroneal tendon subluxation 59:21 5 Things to Know Cold

Foot: Stress Fractures, Plantar Fasciitis, Morton, Lisfranc, and Deformities. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-13. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 2:21 Foot arches and their supporting structures 7:15 Stress fracture sites and high-risk sites 15:33 Stress fracture screening and imaging 18:51 Fifth metatarsal zones 24:57 Plantar fasciitis 32:06 Morton neuroma 35:42 Tarsal tunnel syndrome 39:02 Lisfranc injury 43:21 Pes planus and posterior tibial tendon dysfunction 50:00 Pes cavus 52:20 Hallux valgus and hallux rigidus 54:57 Lesser toe deformities 57:28 Freiberg infraction 58:58 Charcot foot 1:02:02 5 Things to Know Cold

Spine: Anatomy, Disc Herniation, and Radiculopathy. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-14. On YouTube, every Musculoskeletal episode in order: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHZu3dmTnObo. Educational only, not medical advice. AI-narrated from the Reflex chapter. Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Setup 2:38 Vertebral and upper cervical anatomy 8:29 Vertebral arteries 10:36 Disc structure and nutrition 15:12 Spinal ligaments 17:10 Herniation and root exit rules 22:45 Cervical radiculopathy 30:09 Lumbar radiculopathy 34:44 Lumbar provocative tests 38:31 Foot drop localization 41:01 Lhermitte sign and myelopathy 44:20 Thoracic radiculopathy 46:40 Spinal imaging 48:54 Radiculopathy treatment 52:34 5 things to know cold