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Typically speaking, though there are always exceptions, when any two of the DNTLS letters meet, the second word will not receive a séímhiú or urú. This means that if a word ends in D, N, T, L, or S, and the word following it should have a séimhiú according to the rules of grammar, it wil lnot receive one if it, too, starts with D, N, T, L, or S.  This is most often triggered by the definite article “an” which ends in an “n,” one of the DNTLS. ·         As we know, feminine nouns generally get a séimhiú after the definite article “an.” If those nouns begin with D, N, T, L, or S, they will not get one because of DNTLS: o   An teocht (f), the temperature This does not apply 100% of the time every time these two letters meet. We can see that from asking a question in the present tense that we just learned: ·         An ndéannann tú? Do you do it?   But sometimes, it does! ·         An itheann tú? Do you eat? Why? We don’t need to say n twice. Irish, like every language, is all about the expediency in speech. We already have the “n” sound there, so we don’t need to say it twice.   At the end of the day, it’s something to keep in mind and to memorize when learning.

abair.ie teanglann.ie Substack, Irregular Irish Verbs in the Present Tense https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNRv7L_Fj1M IRISH IRREGULAR VERBS | as gaeilge (PRESENT TENSE), Gaeilge i mo Chroí There are fewer irregular verbs in Irish than in English. In Irish, there are 11 regular verbs, with 6 of them being super irregular, meaning they are more irregular than the other 5. The super irregulars will behave differently in nearly every tense, but the irregulars may conform at times, or in more ways than the super irregulars. Super Irregulars ·         to be: bí ·         to say: abair ·         to see: feic ·         to get: faigh ·         to go: téigh ·         to make or do: déan Irregulars ·         to give: tabhair ·         to catch/grab/birth: beir ·         to eat: ith ·         to hear: clois ·         to come: tar   Let’s look at how they conjugate and negate in the present tense. We’ll start with the irregulars first, then look at the super irregulars. ·         To give, tabhair o   Conjugation: Tugann. Syncopated form for mé is tugaim. o   Negation: ní thugann. Syncopated form for mé is ní thugaim. o   To ask a question: An dtugann? Syncopated for mé is an dtugaim? ·         To catch/grab/bear, beir o   Conjugation: Beireann. Syncopated for mé is beirim. o   Negation: Ní bheireann. Syncopated for mé is ní bheirim. o   To ask a question: An mbeireann? Syncopated for mé is an mbeirim? ·         To eat, ith o   Conjugation: itheann. Syncopated for mé is ithim. o   Negation: Ní itheann. Syncopated for mé is ní ithim. o   To ask a question: An itheann? Syncopated for mé is an ithim? §  Wait a minute—why no n-? We will cover this in the next episode, but, the short and provocative answer is DNTLS (dentals). ·         To hear, clois o   Conjugation: cloiseann. Syncopated for mé is cloisim. o   Negation: ní chloiseann. Syncopated for mé is ní chloisim. o   To ask a question: an gcloiseann? Syncopated for mé is an gcloisim? ·         To come, tar o   Conjugation: tagann. Syncopated for mé is tagaim. o   Negation: Ní thagann. Syncopated for mé is ní thagaim. o   To ask a quetion: an dtagann. Syncopated for mé is an dtagaim?   Super Irregulars ·         To be, bí o   Conjugation: tá. Syncopated for mé is táim. o   Negation: níl. Syncopated for mé is nílim. o   Question: An bhfuil? Syncopated for mé is An bhfuilim? ·         To say, abair o   Conjugation: deir. Syncopated for mé is deirim. o   Negation: ní deir. Syncopated for mé is ní deirim. o   Question: an ndeir? Syncopated for mé is an ndeirim? o   Note that there’s no ending attached to present tense abair, deir. o   Also note, abair does not receive a séimhiú in any of its forms. ·         To see, feic o   Conjugation: feiceann. Syncopated for mé is feicim. o   Negation: ní fheiceann. Syncopated for mé is ní fheicim. o   Question: An bhfeiceann? Syncopated for mé is an bhfeicim? ·         To get, faigh o   Conjugation: faigheann. Syncopated for mé is faighim. o   Negation: ní fhaigheann. Syncopated for mé is ní fhaighim. o   Question: an bhfaigheann? Syncopated for mé is an bhfaighim? ·         To go, téigh o   Conjugation: téann. Syncopated for mé is téim. o   Negation: ní théann. Syncopated for mé is ní théim. o   Question: an dtéann? Syncopated for mé is an dtéim? ·         To make or do, déan o   Conjugation: déanann. Syncopated for mé is déanaim. o   Negation: ní dhéanann. Syncopated for mé is ní dhéanaim. o   Question: an ndéanann. Syncopated for mé is an ndéanaim?

abair.ie 1.      An Ghaeilge (f) – Irish (with definite article) 2.      Tuirseach – tired (adj) 3.      Faoin tuath – in the country 4.      Sásta - happy 5.      Ar meisce – drunk 6.      Ar bís - excited 7.      Madra (m) - dog 8.      Sneachta (m)- snow 9.      Leabhar (m) - book 10. Amhrán (m) - song 11. Ceol (m) - music 12. Mo chara (m) – my friend 13. Aiteach - queer 14. Todhchaí (f) -future 15. Mála (m) - bag 16. Teach (m) - house 17. Uisce (m) - water 18. Planda (m) – plant (noun) 19. Glas – green (unsaturated green, muted green/grey) 20. Rua – red (living red) 21. Buí – yellow (bright, brilliant) 22. Ceart - correct 23. Mícheart - incorrect 24. Gruaig (f) - hair 25. Glan – clean (adj) 26. Mór – big (adj) 27. Ciúin – quiet (adj) 28. Stór (m) – treasure, riches 29. Anseo - here 30. Capall (m) - horse 31. Iasc (m) - fish 32. Aimsir (f) – weather, time 33. Gaoth (f) – wind, an ghaoth 34. Grian (f) – sun, an ghrian 35. Fluich – wet (adj) 36. Scamallach – cloudy (adj) 37. Fómhar (m) – autumn/fall 38. Scéal (m) - story 39. Ainm (m) - name 40. Scríobh – to write 41. Foghlaim – to learn 42. Ceannaigh – to buy 43. Imir – to leave 44. Bus (m) - bus 45. Deoch (f) – drink (noun) 46. Tá – am (ie I am, you are, etc) 47. Siad – they 48. Dún – to close (verb) 49. Oscail – to open 50. Orm – on me

Abair.ie Transcript on Substack https://julianatticus.substack.com/p/asking-a-question-in-the-present Eclipse/Urú ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUSfMcEx6Do How to PRONOUNCE ECLIPSIS, Gaeilge i mo chroí ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ky8CQdg6Na8 Irish Eclipsis (Urú), Irish with Rosie Present Tense ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=su3cPnXPWG0 How to use the PRESENT TENSE in IRISH, Gaeilge i mo Chroí *** We’ve learned how to conjugate and negate the present tense, now we’ll move on to asking questions. To ask a question in the present tense, we use a word that signals a question. That word is “an,” or other question phrases (like who, where, when, etc). We will focus on “an” to form a simple question. An triggers the question in Irish, placed at the beginning of the sentence. The verb will follow “an”. The personal pronoun will follow the verb. ·         An + the conjugated verb+ the personal pronoun+ other An also triggers the urú, or eclipse, which we first encountered in the posession episode. Urú, like séimhiú, is an initial mutation. This means it changes the beginning of the word that follows it. Recall that only certain letters take an urú, and that the urú changes depending on the letter. Remember that urú will totally eclipse the letter it modifies, silencing it. ·         M eclipses b > ar an mbus (on the bus) ·         G eclipses c > ár gcat (our cat) ·         N eclipses d> naoí ndeoch (nine drinks) ·         D eclipses t> go dtí (to) ·         N eclipses g > Dún na nGall (Donegal) ·         B eclipses p> bhur bpáirc (y’all’s park) ·         Bh together eclipses f > go bhfuil (that is) ·         N- for vowels > ár n-athair (our father)   So, to ask a simple question we will: 1.      Begin the sentence with “an” 2.      Conjugate the present tense verb 3.      Add an urú to the present tense verb 4.      Add our pronoun (the subject of the sentence) 5.      Add any other elements of the sentence we may need, like places, direct objects, etc Example: ·         Let’s ask if she understands the question: o   An o   conjugate tuig, which is the verb for “to understand.” In the present tense this short and slender verb is conjugated as “tuigeann” o   Identify the appropriate urú and add it. “D” is the urú for “t.” We have “dtuigeann” o   Sí is the pronoun we use for she o   “An cheist” means the question. It is feminine, so it gets a séimhiú following the definite article “the”. §  “an” is both the definite article “the” as well as the question trigger. We know which we’re referring to by context, as well as other clues, like the presence of an urú or verb. o   So this end result is: “An dtuigeann sí an cheist?” Does she understand the question. o   How would you answer this? Think back to past episodes (answer will be at the end) The Verb Bí Bí is a highly irregular verb. When asking a question using bí, we must use a different, irregular form of the verb. That form is “bhfuil.” This form already has the urú attached to it. We call this the dependent form of the verb, because it cannot stand on its own, since it has a form of initial mutation. This verb form without the urú is not used. So for questions in the present tense with the verb bí: 1.      “an” at the beginning of the sentence to indicate a question 2.      Use the dependent present tense form of the verb, which is bhfuil. 3.      The urú is already added to this form, there is no need to add it again. 4.      Select the pronoun or subject 5.      Add any other elements of the sentence needed. Example: ·         Is the dog alive? o   An to trigger the question o   The dependent form of bí: bhfuil. o   No need to add an urú, as it’s already there. o   The subject, an madra. Madra is masculine so there is no need to add a séimhiú after using “the” o   Beo is the word for alive. o   Here’s the end result: §  An bhfuil an madra beo? o   How would you answer this, both in the affirmative and negative? **Answers** Does she understand the question? An dtuigeann sí an cheist? Yes> Tuigeann sí/tuigeann No> Ní thuigeann sí/ní thuigeann   Is the dog alive? An bhfuil an madra beo? Yes> Tá an madra beo/tá No> Níl an madra beo/níl

Please input all phrases into abair.ie to see how they should sound in your chosen dialect. Negating in the Present Tense ·         There is no “yes” or “no” in Irish o   Instead, the reponse to a question is to either conjugate the verb or to negate it ·         With the simple bí in the present tense (present meaning now, ie I am, You are, she goes, we eat) o   Are you? I am>> Tá mé o   Are you? I’m not>> Níl mé §  Níl is the negation for bí o   Níl madra agam.- I don’t have a dog o   Níl gruaig orm.- I don’t have hair. o   Níl siad sásta.- They are not happy. o   Níl sé ag cur sneachta.- It is not snowing. ·         With the copula, replace “is” with “ní” o   Copula phrases you know: Is as áit mé, Is mise, Is maith liom, Is fearr liom o   Is maith liom- I like o   Ní maith liom- I don’t like ·         With other present tense verbs: o   Use ní and then the conjugated verb with a séimhiú if possible §  B c d f g m p s t o   Ní chaitheann sé tobac. – He doesn’t smoke tobacco. (from caitheann sé, he smokes/consumes) o   Ní itheann sibh feoil. – Y’all don’t eat meat. §  There is no séimhiú because the letter doesn’t take one. o   Ní léann mé leabhair.- I don’t read books. §  Again, no séimhiú because l doesn’t take them. o   Ní cheapann sí fút- She doesn’t think about you. o   Ní dhúnann siad an doras. – They don’t close the door. ·         This method is the same for the future tense and conditional mood ·         The past tense has a different way to negate verbs Videos on this Subject: Irish Lesson #4 - The Negative of Tá Speak Irish Now LLC Rang 3 - An Aimsir Láithreach (The Present Tense): Time stamped at negation. Ionad Teaghlaigh Ghleann Darach https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXy4C5v84QA There is no word for Yes and No in Irish, A Shane Dó Trí (negating, word order, counting changes, word spelling changes, only 11 irregular verbs)(the irregular section may be too advanced at this level)

Please see substack for show notes (they are too lengthy to post here): https://julianatticus.substack.com/p/at-the-learning-of-irish-conjugating teanglann.ie abair.ie ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=su3cPnXPWG0 How to use the PRESENT TENSE in IRISH, Gaeilge i mo Chroí ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKFyIXx3iPk 10 Irish Verbs in the Present Tense, Let’s Learn Irish ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNRv7L_Fj1M IRISH IRREGULAR VERBS | as gaeilge (PRESENT TENSE), Gaeilge i mo Chroí

·         Cén chaoi a bhfuil tú? – How are you? (lit: which way are you)(Conemara) ·         An bhfuil tú go maith?/’Bhfuil tú g’maith?-Are you well? ·         Cad é mar atá tú? -How are you (Ulster) ·         Aon scéal?- What’s up? (lit: any story?) o   Scéal ar bith – No story at all (níl scéal ar bith agam) o   Diabhal scéal- no stories (lit devil story)   ·         Cad is ainm duit? – What is your name? (lit: what is name for you?) o   .....is ainm dom- ...is my name ·         Cén t-ainm atá ort? – which name is on you? o   ...an t-ainm atá orm- ....is the name on me/my name is   ·         Gabh mo leithscéal- excuse me/I’m sorry ·         Tá brón orm- I’m sorry (lit: there is sadness on me)   ·         Fáilte- welcome ·         Tá fáilte romhat- you’re welcome ie welcome to this place (lit there’s a welcome before you) o   Tá fáilte romhaibh – plural   ·         Slán leat- bye (said if you are the one who is not leaving) ·         Slán agat- bye (said you are are the one who is leaving) ·         Slán abhaile- safe going home ·         Slán go fóill- bye for now   ·         Céard is brí le... – What does...mean? ·         Céard é an Ghaeilge ar...? – What is ....in Irish?   ·         Níos moille, le do thoil – Slower, please ·         Abair é sin arís- Say that again   ·         An dtuigeann tú? – Do you understand?                                                                                                               o   Tuigeann mé- I understand o   Ní thuigeann mé- I don’t understand

New Words Ach- but Anois- now Sin fíor- it’s true I rith an tsamhraidh- during summer air- on him/it é- him (a form of sé)   Irish Text Dia duit. Is mise Julian. Is as Minnesota mé ach tá mé i mo chónaí i Virginia anois. Deas bualadh leat. Is maith liom Virginia ach is fearr liom Minnesota. Ní maith liom an sneachta i Minnesota, sin fíor, ach ní maith liom an teocht i rith an tsamhraidh i Virginia. Tá sé te! Tá madra agam. Tá sé beag agus deas. Tá gruaig dhonn air. Tá sé clúmhach. Is buachaill maith é. Tá sé ag cur báistí inniu. Bhí an ghrian ag scoilteadh na gcloch inné.       Translation (not literal) Hi. I’m Julian. I am from Minnesota but I am living in Virginia now. Nice to meet you. I like Virginia but I prefer Minnesota. I don’t like the snow in Minnesota, it’s true, but I don’t like the temperature during summer in Virginia. It is hot! I have a dog. He is small and nice. He has brown hair. He is fluffy. He’s a good boy. It is raining today. The sun was splitting the rocks yesterday.

aimsir (f)- weather (an aimsir) ·         Can also mean “time” or “a period of service” ·         Aimsir mhaith- good weather ·         Tá bun ar an aimsir- The weather is settled Gaoth (f)- wind (an ghaoth) ·         Lá gaoithe- windy day ·         Gaoth chórach-favorable wind ·         Many words describing kinds of wind Teocht (f)- temperature (an teocht) Fuacht (m)- cold (an fuacht) ·         Fuacht an gheimhridh- the winter cold Grian (f)- sun (an ghrian) ·         Tá an ghrian ag scoilteadh na gcloch- the sun is splitting the rocks (it is very bright and sunny) ·         Lá gréine- sunny day   Using “tá sé...inniu” It is...today/ ”Bhí sé...inné” It was...yesterday ·         Ag cur báistí – raining o   Ag cur fearthainne- raining ·         Ag cur sneachta- snowing ·         Gaofar- windy ·         Fluich- wet ·         Tais- damp or humid ·         Te- hot ·         Fuar-cold ·         Grianmhar- sunny ·         Dorcha- dark ·         Scamallach-cloudy   Seasons Fómhar (m)- autumn/fall (an fómhar) Geimhreadh (m)- winter (an geimhreadh) Earrach (m)- spring (an t-earrach) Samhradh (m)- summer (an samhradh) Videos: ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNmk-6GdSzs Common Irish weather sayings, Gaelscoil Online ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLTBB8b7I5c How to Describe the Weather in Irish, Gaeilge i mo Chroí

Words for animals Madra (m)- dog Cat (m)- cat Capall (m)- horse Caora (f)- an ewe Iasc (m)- fish Here are some things you may want to say to your dog, or any pet! ·         Is cailín maith thú. - You’re a good girl ·         Is buachaill maith thú- You’re a good boy ·         Ná bí dona!- Don’t be bad ·         Suí síos- sit down (to one animal[or person]) ·         Suígí síos- sit down (to more than one animals[or people]) ·         Tar liom- come with me ·         Tar anseo- come here ·         Fan anseo- stay/wait here ·         Nach bhfuil tú gleoite- aren’t you cute ·         Nach bhfuil tú gleoite ar fad- aren’t you cute entirely ·         Mo ghrá thú- you’re my love/I love you ·         Mo chroí thú- I love you (you’re my heart) ·         Is stór thú- you’re a treasure ·         Mo stór- my treasure ·         Mo  stórín- my little treasure ·         Mo stórín beag- my tiny little treasure ·         Stór mo chroí- treasure of my heart ·         An-mhaith- very good ·         Bí i do shuaimhneas- be peaceful, be at peace (be in your peace) ·         Go socair leat! – be quiet Teach Your Dog Irish by Anne Cakebread

Conas cur síos a dhéanamh – how to describe ·         Adjectives usually come after the noun, but there are some exceptions o   Sean, old ·         Adjectives agree with their nouns: o   Plural will end a certain way, feminine a certain way o   Feminine gets a séimhiú o   Plural= adj gets an a or e added at the end ·         Mí and séimhiú is the inverse; o   Compordach= comfortable o   Míchompordach = uncomfortable o   Ceart = right o   Mícheart= incorrect ·         Tá mé or tá ... orm or tá...agam: o   Tá mé cineálta- I am kind o   Tá súile gorma agam- I have blue eyes – there are blue eyes at me §  Color can be on things in Irish ·         Tá gorm ar mo shúile ·         Tá dubh ar mo ghruiag o   Hair color is on us. Tá gruaig dhonn orm.   Salach – dirty Glan- clean Ard- tall Íseal- short Beag- small Mór-big Ramhar- fat Tanaí- thin Seanfhaiseanta- old-fashioned Nua-aimseartha- modern Daor- expensive Saor-not expensive Cabhrach- helpful Déistineach- disguisting Bunúsach- basic Cluthar- cozy Leamh- bland Leamh leadránach- very boring Glórmhar- noisy Ciúin- quiet Draíochtúil- magical Clúmhach- fluffy, downy, feathery Áisiúil- handy Dathúil- handsome Mura bhfuil tú dathúil don mná, beidh tú áisiúil, ar a laghad. (If the women don’t find you handsome, they will at least find you handy.)   Example sentences: Tá carr bán agam. Or Tá bán ar mo charr. Car is masculine, so no changes. Tá an madra clúmhach. The dog is fluffy. Tá an bhean chabhrach anseo. The helpful woman is here. Séimhiú added to woman and adjective. Tá na cairde glórmhara sa phub. The noisy friends are in the pub.   Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59BNrVx2FIQ Cur síos a dhéanamh ar rudaí (describing things), stwidgie  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW1pWl6jqo8 WTF!? What’s a séimhiú? Ciara Ní É

Colors are on things, just like emotions Tá color ar thing.  Ex; Tá gorm ar an teach. -The house is blue. There’s blue on the house.   Color is concieved of differently in Irish than in English. Today some colors are used in reference to things which are unnatural or unliving, such as a plastic chair. Likewise some colors are applied to things which are living, or natural, such as grass. Colors were also associated with how vivid they are, or how muted. For example: Uaine – artifical green color, today, but it can also be the color of freshly sprouted plants. This is a bright, vivid green. Glas- a natural, muted green. It could also be used to refer to the color of the grassy hills on an overcast day.   Dearg- artifical red color, but it can also be used to describe anger ie red with anger (dearg le fearg), suggesting a brightness to it Rua- natural color, like the color of hair or fur. A fox can be called a madra rua, or a red dog.   Dubh- general term for black Ciar- shiny black, as can be seen on a beetle. Ciaróg is the word for beetle   Buí- used generally for yellow, but can be concieved of as being a brilliant brightness as would be seen in all the colors of a flame   Bán – white Donn- brown Óir- gold Airgead- silver (also the word for money) Liath- grey Corcra- purple Cian- cyan Maigenta- magenta Oráiste- orange (also the fruit) Bándearg- pink (white-red) Gorm- blue   Dath (m), datha- color, colors/colour, colours   Cén dath atá air?- what color/colour is it? (lit which color/colour is on it?) Tá.....air/uirthi.- There is ....on it (m/f)   Videos: ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyVaJu2TRwU Dathanna na nAinmhithe, Léargas An Chultúrlann ·         https://www.youtube.com/shorts/a6ZrqUUOi3Q Do you know the colours in Irish?, Gaeilge le Jane ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLEmOJgkqIE Colours in Irish, Bríd Ní Fhlatharta

In Irish there are multiple ways to show ownership of an item. Today we’re going to look at two of them: ·         Posession using pronouns ie “my, your, hers” o   Mo charr, my car. Bhur gcat, y’all’s cat o   These personal posessive pronouns (my, your, their, etc) cause initial mutation in the nouns that follow the posessive pronoun- so after my, yours, et cetera, the noun following that gets changed. §  Séimhiú you already know, used for singular posession. Séimhiú is only added on some consonants, rememer: b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, t ·         Mo- my ·         Do- your ·         A- his §  Hers, “a”, does not use séimhiú or úru. No changes to the noun with hers. §  Examples (bolding for emphasis, not required in day-to-day writing): ·         Mo mhadra- my dog ·         Do bhád- your boat ·         A mhála- his bag ·         BUT a mála- her bag NO séimhiú §  Úru for plural posession. Our, Y’all’s, their ·         Ár- our ·         Bhur- y’all’s ·         A- their/their ·         Like séimhiú, úru causes the beginning of the word, and its sound, to change to make the flow of the language easier. It can be called nasalizaiton because it makes more nasal noises, but úru means eclipse because it essenitally replaces the letter that is eclipsed. o   This explains some of the spelling that appears to be confusing to English speakers o   A cat> a gcat. It is spellled with both the “old” letter and the “new” letter which will completey ECLIPSE the old noise. So instead of “a cat” it would be “a gcat.” §  m before b: ár mbus (our bus) §  g before c: a gcat (their cat) §  n before d: bhur ndoras (y’alls’ door) §  d before t: ár dteach (our house) §  n before g: a ngairdín (their garden) §  b before p: bhur bpáistí (y’all’s kids) §  bh before f: a bhfarraige (their sea) §  n- before vowels: a n-othar (their patient)   ·         Posession using Tá “item” ag “person”. There is an item at a person/being. o   Bí verb conjugated as “tá” + item being owned or posessed + at + the person or thing owning the item o   Tá leabhar agam= there is a book at me/I have a book o   Tá leabhar agat= you have a book o   Notice how “ag” changes and is squished with the personal pronoun. Irish does this with many pronouns and prepositions. Each person will have its own form of the prepositional pronoun. §  Ag: ·         Agam- at me ·         Agat- at you ·         Aige- at him ·         Aici- at her ·         Againn- at us ·         Agaibh- at y’all ·         Acu- at them §  Examples: ·         Tá uisce agam- I have water (lit: there is water at me) ·         Tá bróg agat- you have a shoe (there is a shoe at you) ·         Tá madra aige- he has a dog (there is a dog at him) ·         Tá cupán aici- she has a cup (there is a cup at her) ·         Tá cearc againn- we have a hen (there is a hen at us) ·         Tá plandaí agaibh- y’all have plants (there are plants at y’all) ·         Tá leabhar acu- they have a book (there is a book at them) Videos: Eclipse/Urú ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUSfMcEx6Do How to PRONOUNCE ECLIPSIS, Gaeilge i mo chroí ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ky8CQdg6Na8 Irish Eclipsis (Urú), Irish with Rosie Posessive Nouns/Posession ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW7osRADGmI Irish Posessive Nouns Clearly Explained, Learn Irish

·         Leathan le leathan agus caol le caol- broad with broad and slender with slender ·         Some vowels are considered broad, some are considered slender. They make the consonants next to them also slender or broad. This has to do with how your mouth is positioned when saying them. o   Broad: A O U o   Slender: I E ·         They usually pair up in the syllable, this is what is mean by them being with one another. o   Madra= dog (m) o   Abhainn= river (f) o   Saibhir= rich (adj) Séimhiú ·         Initial Mutation: this means the beginning of a word changes in response to something: o   Putting a verb into the past tense, using posession, making adjectives feminine, and many more. ·         “h” added to certain consonants: a dot above the letter in the old script, seanchló. o   It changes the sound, making it softer. It helps the mouth transition from sound to sound. The language is made to be easily spoken and to flow, this helps the flow. How it changed depends on the consonant it modifies: ·         Only certain letters can recieved a séimhiú: b c d f g m p t s o   B> bh “w” or “v” sound §  Connacht bh and broad = w §  Connacht bh and slender= v §  Other dialects= always v o   M>mh “w” or “v” sound §  Connacht mh and broad = w §  Connacht mh and slender= v §  Other dialects= always v o   C>ch “shh” or “scraping sound” (like making spit in your mouth) §  Connacht, slender = sssh like German “ich“ §  Broad = like German Brauch o   T>th= silences the t is “thar lear”=har lar o   S>sh- sliences the s o   F>fh-sliences both f and h o   D>dh “y” if slender or “gh” if broad §  Dhuit §  Dhéanamh o   G>gh Like d: “y” if slender or “gh” if broad o   P>ph- like English, f sound ·         If you see a dh, mh, etc it’s not always the result of a séimhiú. Sometimes they are pronounced the same as we’ve discussed, but sometimes these clusters are pronounced differently if they’re encountered in the middle or end of a word. This may also depend on the dialect. o   Dh in the middle of a word, after a vowel can often serve the purpose of a fada, lenghtens the vowel §  Maedhbh (f, the Queen Maeve) Maeve o   Bh, Mh, etc in the center of the word can be pronounced the same as if séimhiú. §  Tabhachtach- important (adj) “v” or “w” depending on dialect o   Bh, Mh at the end of the word changes depending on dialect, can be silent in Conamara, can be a v as in Munster, can be an “oo” as in Ulster Videos: ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW1pWl6jqo8 WTF!? What’s a séimhiú? Ciara Ní É ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bucXo6zaw_M How to pronounce LENITION in Irish, Gaeilge i mo chroí  ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViMCW7iMljU Broad and Slender Consonants in Irish, Language Learning Life (theory, why to learn, tips for monolingual speakers) ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIokUII7LX0 Sounds and Spelling of Irish, stwidgie (North American English references) ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbSKWDyaYWU Pronounciation Guide Irish Language – Mh, Ph, Sh, Fh, Th, Bh, Learn Irish (Munster) ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aj45ma-qh2I WTF!? Slender R in Irish, Ciara Ní É ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMZkF0Y1PEA How to ACTUALLY pronounce broad and slender consonants in Irish Gaelic (L, D, T, N, G, C), Dave Learns Irish ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuTIB7zGJrg Irish Language Dialects Explained, Learn Irish ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3rzcjnAxQs Irish Language Dialects – Some Differences Clearly Explained, Learn Irish ·         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBU3ec87lrU The 3 Main Irish Gaelic Dialects, Bitesize Irish

https://usi.ie/focloir-aiteach/ nó = or   aiteach- queer (adj) aerach- gay (adj) leispiach-lesbian (adj) déghnéasach- bisexual (adj) éighnéasach-asexual (adj) il-leannánach-polyamorous (adj) barrpháirtí (nó barradóir)- top (noun, m) bunpháirtí (nó bunadóir)- bottom (noun, m)   baineann go fireann (BGF-FTM) (adj) fireann go baineann (FGB-MTF) (adj) bean thras- trans woman (noun, f) fear tras-trans man (noun, m) neamh-dhénártha- non-binary  (adj) aistriú- transition (noun, m- verb is aistrigh) eofóiria inscne- gender euphoria (noun) máinliacht uachtair- top surgery (noun, f) máinliacht íochtair-bottom surgery (noun, f)   banríon draig- drag queen (noun, f) draig-rí (nó rí draig)- drag king (noun, m)