Advertise on podcast: Let's Learn Everything!

The author, historian, and person of many fascinations Iszi Lawrence teaches us how to get into ancient Egyptian heaven! Plus we learn about a bit of everything else from dinosaurs to medieval almond milk! Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:06:14) Getting Into Ancient Egyptian Heaven (00:45:31) Questions for Iszi (01:08:59) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! Images we talk about: Anurognathus The Tring Tiles We also learn about: Todays question is how to take on two attackers, “I really recommend violence if you have neurodiversity”, Ma’at, getting into the Egyptian afterlife is an escape room, why Egypt was geographically perfect, I’m going to put a mastaba on my mastaba, there were ancient Egyptian archaeologists of ancient Egypt, you don’t think with your brain that’s weird, Allan’s mummified body in the King’s College London library, the mummification industry, dodgy ibis mummy dealers, pyramids were a giant sign that said “ROB ME IM RICH”, King tut also packed too much underwear, Anubis guides you through a video game level of challenges, the hall of two truths and a lie, weighing your heart in court, Ammit has the head of crccodile body of a tiger legs of a hippo my perfect woman, your heart has to way no more and no less than a feather, the scarab is a pay to win heart silencer, pubs were public houses when you brewed too much beer and it was women’s work! almond milk was around during the medieval times, we are story brained and we pay attention to the weird things not the boring ones, he showed me his whip scorpion, nanotyrannus, why do you like dinosaurs - why do you like eating? Anurognathus, toddlers comes from drunken walking, sad means not sober, the suffragette jiu jitsu dojo, the tring tiles was teen jesus.

While we take some time to rest and plan out the new year, enjoy our episode of Escape This Podcast as the three of us use cleverness and chaos to solve this escape room! Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:01:05) The Escape Room (01:20:19) Puzzle Talk Back Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! Images we talk about: The Spa Controls The Spa Sign Ring Toss The Spa Sign with Sun The Full Room Write Up

It's the new year! Which means it's time to learn about the most interesting thing... ourselves?? We answer YOUR questions with OUR answers, so learn a bit more about us, science, and the show! Links we Talk About: Our Top Songs Playlist Magnetic Fields Tiny Desk Anni DiRusso Tiny Desk Doechii Tiny Desk Dr.Cal Whale Cancer TikTok Timestamps: (00:07:06) Welcome to the Q&A (00:31:45) Science (00:52:28) Fun (01:04:26) Making the Podcast (01:27:06) Personal (01:45:55) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about:  I was in the recording I know how long it took, tick correction corner, Caroline you gotta wrangle us, the ugly stepsister, City the Animation, Superman, playlist linked above, The Mars House, Levinia, Peak, Megabonk, Animal Crossing, Despelote, duck wraps, I’m an anytime burrito fan, falling out of and back in love with sciences, the Vera Rubin Observatory, lysosome mitochondria and ribosome, organelle astrology, AI and carbon pedantry, Ella’s PhD journey, solar system chocolate bar, our horror movie archetypes, experimenting on our cohosts, pride and prejudice romance, centaur anatomy, researcher blogs rock, scheduling and actually starting, what we hate and love about the show, we don’t have to be friends, podcasting is good for the brain actually, dream guests, Caroline runs, the rhythm game search, burnout planning and accepting mistakes and communal burnout watch, collecting magnets and yarn and weird pokemon figures, Dalek on a trampoline, why Tom wears a hat, bingo cards over resolutions, Ella’s getting marri- WELL TOM’S GOING TO MAGIC CON VEGAS BABY.

The HaLearnDays are here!! And with it come learning, laughs, and fun facts from us and friends of the show, as well as a few surprise new friends! Images we Talk About: Bat Carrying Bristol Stool Chart Lego Head Diagram The Praise the Lord Show Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:08:10) Bats (00:19:45) Livingston's Body (00:25:18) Pi & PIE (00:34:45) Lego Head Passage (00:44:02) Bird Brains (00:56:04) Tomatoes (01:10:35) Alpha-gal (01:16:27) Rice to Riches (01:26:37) Mission Impossible & Backmasking (01:42:29) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about:  As Hank always says: wah wah wah wah wah, it says that I should complain in the script but I like it, Egg nog is just raw eggs right? redacted is such a beautiful name, rock paper scissors video content, drunk bats slur their echolocation, bats carrying bats, weekend at burniesing Livingston, I’d carry any of you for nine months, Pi and PIE from father and son, do you think J and Gretchen got their gifts at the same store? philology, proto-indo-european, the FART of the lego head, Ella’s heart grows 3 times its size for bacronyms, lego heads pass in about 2 days, chickadees growing and shrinking their brain connections, testing bird barcoding in the chickadome, I wish I could delete part of my brain to watch eternal sunshine again, davinci would have made that flying machine earlier if he had red sauce, tomatl is nahuatl not even proto-indo-european, we can all agree tomatoes smell evil, 150 years before tomatos and pasta combined, alphagal syndrome from ticks, once bitten twice allergic, Tom Scott gifts a can of rice pudding for us to open, allegedly LLE is a money laundering scheme, Mission Impossible morse code, the hidden code in LLE’s theme, Edison was the first to notice backmasking, the Eligibles Car Trouble, here’s to my sweet satan, winners don’t do drugs, raise a cup to our sweet satan. Sources: Bats Flying Drunk Paper NYTimes Tomato History Smithsonian Mag Tomato History The Incredible paper: Sixteenth-century tomatoes in Europe: who saw them, what they looked like, and where they came from Records of Tomato Reactions Atlas Obscura Backmasking History More sources will be added soon!

What are the most EXTREME lifeforms on Earth, and how are they surprisingly important to study? And what is the long yet recent history of astrology, and why do we reach for it? Things we Talk About: The Seal Stream Sea lion running Paper Clipping: Female Astrologer Paper Clipping: Suffragette Books Paper Clipping: WW2 and Astrology Paper Clipping: Pimms Ad Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:04:23) Extremophiles (00:57:55) Astrology (01:43:59) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about:  We’ve put tardigrades through every red bull task imaginable but they’re NOT extremophiles, extremotolerant vs extremophiles that thrive, thermophiles at 122 celsius, anglophiles, what would it suck to experience, psychrophiles, acidophiles and alkaliphiles, hypobarophiles experiencing 500x our pressure, oligatroph, polyextromophiles, life has found a way in so many extreme places, the chernobyl black mold, not just growing towards radiation but eating Hot Particles, fungi have survived harsh radiation in the Earth’s past, melanin lets the fungi handle and perceive radiation safely, it’s similar to photosynthesis though in the same way a tsunami is similar to a glass of water, conan the bacterium can live inside nuclear reactors, DNA redundancy, krill that makes antifreeze proteins, osmoconfromers, acidophile taken to a lab and finally thriving at .7 ph, it’s also hard as hell to capture and study and keep these extremophiles alive, extremophiles gave us PCR, we also us extremophile e coli, bioremediation is what I took when I failed bio and was tutored by an extremophile, we have so much to do-actually that was pretty funny, bioplastics, what extreomophiles teach us about astrobiology, letting some bacteria chill on the outside of the ISS for 3 years, damn girl you’re making me re-evaluate the limits of life, our nuanced and conflicting feeling on astrology, yay we get to read our horoscopes- wait fuck why am I happy about that? babylonian horoscopes, star charts for things like seasons actually were right, the Enuma Anu Enlil collection of omens, what’s your mother’s maiden name and pincode horoscope,  the legacy of the endless pig, uh oh we’re having fun talking about horoscopes, medieval astrology in the royal court and the sciences, before we knew about the earth going around the sun the stars explained the seasons, in the 1700s astrology was seen as a sham, of course royal watching tabloids bring about astrology 2.0, scraping the bottom of the barrel for anything to say about princess margaret, globe conflict 2 electric boogaloo, a pims advert is a rich text, the horoscope test, god the people yearn for therapy, the barnum effect, zodiacs are part of our culture - so something to connect with, the correlation of uncertainty and horoscope popularity, how to manage uncertainty without horoscopes, video games offer a structure and challenge and reward that can help people cope with hard times. Sources: NOAA: What is an Extremophile? Life: Extremeophiles and Extreme Environments Nature: Life in Extreme Environments PMC: Genomics of an extreme psychrophile, Psychromonas ingrahamii The Biologist: Eating Gamme Rays for Breakfast Research Gate: A Case Study of Strains Inhabiting Chernobyl Reactor No. 4 Chemical Communications: : The Incredible Cell Membrane Adaptations of Extremophiles to Harsh Environments Life: Extremophiles and Extremophilic Behaviour Biotechnology Advances: Structural Features of Thermozynes Science: Conan the Baterium Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews: Oxidative Stress Resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans Polar Biology: Cold Resistance the Krill Euphausia superba Extremophiles: Picrophilus oshimae Life: Biotechniological Applications of Extremophile Research Wiki: Thermos aquaticus Frontiers in Microbiology: DNA Polymerases as Useful Reagents for Biotechnology PNAS: Microbial Growth at Hyperaccelerations up to 403,627 × g Frontiers in Microbiology: Extremophiles and the Limits of Life in a Planetary Context Journal of Indian Institute of Science: Bioprospecting Extremophiles for Astrobiology NASA: Astrobiology Frontiers in Microbiology: DNA Damage and Survival Time Course of Deinococcal Cell Pellets During 3 Years of Exposure to Outer Space New Scientist: Radiation Resistant Bacteria Could Survive Journey From Earth to Mars --- 2013 Paper: The Solar Eclipse Omen Texts from Enūma Anu Enlil National Geographic: History of Horocopes My Modern Met: Mystical History of Astrology British Newspaper Archive  BBC: Who Actually Writes Horoscopes 2020 Paper: The Man Behind the Horoscope Column- R H Naylor 2005 Paper: A History of Astrology Part I: Origins to the Romans The Guardian: How Astrology Paved the Way for Predictive Analytics BBC: Is Astrology Backed By Science? 2022: Even The Stars Think That I Am Superior BBC: Is There Any Science in Astrology? Scientific American: Is Astrology Real? Here’s What Science Says McGill University: How Astrology Escaped the Pull of Science BBC: The Anxieties and Apps Fuelling the Astrology Boom

http://www.LetsLearnEverything.com/q It's time to submit your questions for our annual Q&A episode!

What, when, where, why, and how... do we sneeze? There's a surprising amount of mystery to the thing we do all the time, and a lot to learn about! And how many parables and metaphors that we use are actually true? Let's actually dig in to the research and bust some myths!! I mean... break some... falsehoods!! Images we Talk About: The Rat Diagram Caseids Diplodocus Bones Plane Diagram Moai Walking Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:03:26) Sneezing (00:57:55) Parable Mythbusters (01:43:59) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about:  Caroline was inspired by being sick,  theories of sneezing, sneezing in the odyssey, Aristotle said burping and farting are not divine, 25 sextillion molecules in every breath, it’s a wonder we’re not sneezing all the time, sneezing only goes to your brain stem, a sneeze can send particles 8 meters, what ion channel? last year we made sneezless mice, le petite mort and le petit orgasm, the incredible mid-sneeze mouse diagram, we’re gonna talk about - ghoooosts, A.C.H.O.O or the photic sneeze reflex, our explanations for sneezing reflect our understanding of science at the time, snatiation, S.N.A.T.I.A.T.I.O.N, sneezing from getting horny, pee chills, a sneeze is just a more obvious indicator that wires get crossed, diagnostic sneeze testing, finding the first sneezing animal, the earliest diaphgram, chickens sneeze, African wild dogs voting by sneeze, dolphins chuffing, bugs aren’t part of the sneeze club, unlike the mythbusters we won’t be blowing up cars, okay maybe a few, if you put a frog into boiling water it won’t jump out it will die, boiling frogs in search of the soul, the climate change metaphor works for brain dead leaders, the survivorship bias meme plane, the image is fictitious but Abraham Wald is even cooler, America’s Bletchley - The Statistical Research Group, some people believe the heads had bodies, oh my god they did, the walking Moai, the deforestation happened before the people, invasive rats without a natural predator, pretending we’re surprised about colonialism being the culprit, we didn’t need to do carbon dating to find some of these answers guys. Sources: 1990 Paper: The History of Sneezing 2013 Paper: The Omen of Sneezing 2009 Paper: Sneeze reflex: Facts and fiction Smithsonian: Why Do We Sneeze? National Geographic: The Air You Breathe Is Full of Surprises Wiki: Sneeze 2025 Paper: The Sneeze Reflex in Physiological and Pathological states: a mini review 2024 Paper: Mouse Sneezing Study Nature: Cough or sneeze? How the brain knows what to unleash Scientific American: Looking at the Sun Can Trigger a Sneeze 2010 Paper: When the Sun Prickles Your Nose: An EEG Study Identifying Neural Bases of Photic Sneezing ScienceLine: Why Do People Sneeze When They Look at the Sun? OMIM: Gastric Sneezing 2009 Paper: Arousal and Sneezing 2017 Article: An Ancient Origin for the Diaphragm 2022 Paper: Lung Evolution in Vertebrates and the Water-to-Land Transition National Geographic: Animal Sneezing National Geographic: African Wild Dogs Vote by Sneeze Oceanbites: Sneeze, Cough, Chuff: Respiratory Irritation in Dolphins Natural History Museum: Hagfishes Smithsonian: 14 Fun Facts About Hagfish Sci-Show- Aquatic Sneezing 2022 Paper: Sponges Sneeze 2022 Paper: Dinosaur Sickness National Geographic: First Dinosaur Found with a Respiratory Disease --- Atlantic on The Boiling Frog Know Your Meme: Survivorship Bias Plane Cameron Moll Blog Post about Original Drawing Abraham Wald's Plane Statistic Memorandum Terry Hunt's Incredible "Rethinking the Fall of Easter Island" The Walking Moai Paper

How have animals adapted to the digging lifestyle, and can that help us explain the Devil's Corkscrew? And what are the various ways movies can be censored across the world, and what does that tell us about the world itself? Images we Talk About: The Devil's Corkscrew Mole Skeleton Comparison Mole Digging Video Monitor Lizard Burrow Monitor Lizard Burrows Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:02:30) Fossoriality (00:52:58) Movie Censorship (01:36:53) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about:  Daemonelix or the Devil’s Corkscrew, well Tom I hope one of your facts beats Ella’s giant sloth fact, only nerds know the word fossorial, why dig is easy - how dig is harder, mole skeletons are hyper specialized, moles are herd to catch and keep, I dig holes for me, is that couscous? the silica gel of pasta, x-ray videos of moles digging in couscous, devil’s corkscrew deja vu, first and deepest lizard burough, one of the most stable egg environments for an 8 month incubation, it turns out helixes are more common than we thought, Put! Lizards! In! Couscous! Peter Jackson’s braindead, video nastys, wow blaming media for crime we’ve never heard that before, video nastys were an easy ban because politicans didnt care about them, a microcosm of the moral panics of the time, the military entertainment complex, the US doesn’t have any outright movie bans… but they do have the hayes code, self censorship, no picture show lower the moral standard of those who see it, the commercial influence on self censorship, charlie shackleton’s paint drying film, poilitical movie bans reflect real alliances and tensions, denmark’s only ever banned the disney skeleton dance, Denmark’s freedom of speech is what the US thinks it is, don’t be mean to the military uwu, only 34 foreign films can be shown in china every year, the censorship is coming from inside the house, a Bohemian Rhapsody without mention of sexuality, Tilda Swinton played an asian character to get around mentioning Tibet, World War Z was changed even though it never aired in China, why are you making me defend these bad movies, censorship is as strong as the weakest link in the chain that’s profitable, “it’s all just crazy and some food for thought, thank youuu” Sources: NPCA on the Devil's Corkscrew Smithsonian Mag Devil's Corkscrew Mole Forlimb Morphology Mole Senses Paper Fossorial Ventilatory Response Mole Rat Lung Comparison Paper NWF Mole Facts NYTimes Mole Motion Yi Fen Lin Mole Walking Paper Yi Fen Lin Mole Burrowing Paper Deep Nesting in a Lizard: Deja Vu Devil's Corkscrew: First Helical Reptile Burrow and Deepest Vertebrate Nest. Helical Burrows Across the Animal Kingdom Paper --- BBFC: Video Nasties Wiki: Video Nasty BFI: Unspooling the Video Nasties Wiki: Film Censorship in the United States Guardian: Top Gun for Hire Wiki: List of films banned in the United States Screen Online: Hayes Code Vice: Why I’m Making British Film Censors Watch Paint Dry Wiki: Paint Drying Wiki: List of Banned Films BBC: Cambodia Bans Thai Movies BBC: Russia Bans Death of Stalin Reuters: Lightyear Banned Wiki: The Skeleton Dance EBSCO: History of Censorship in Denmark English Translation of the Danish Constitution Wiki: Denmark Motion Picture Content Rating System Variety: Foreign Titles Squeezed in China Film Market Harvard: Disney censorship in China Pen: Made in Hollywood, Censored by Beijing

It's the podcast's birthday!! So Tom has a few ideas he wants to pitch to Caroline and Ella... but first! Ella and Caroline finally revisit the topics they promised! What are the WILD stories behind the race to discover new elements, and what are the real nuancy nuances of craftivism? Images we Talk About: William Morris' Print Terrero's Hankie Hankie Given to Terrero Madres de Plaza de Mayo Pussyhat Tom's Gifts Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:06:43) Superheavy Elements 2 (01:17:58) Craftivism 2 (02:01:28) Tom’s List Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about: How do we prove this is real, we pinky promise, a refresher in the form of a pop quiz, we didn’t make the elements - except for some we did make, is the gift plutonium? we never thought we’d have another element heavier - and then you happened! the quizkids element reveal, the increasing specificity of Stan’s Apartmentium, just keep adding and smashing its just math - really expensive math, the long island ice tea of nuclear materials is in the bomb, scraping new elements off the filters of flying through a mushroom cloud, the edge of the periodic table was a cold war battle field, the feuds of the transfermium wars, perhaps sodium seaborgate, while they were bickering over naming Germany discovered 5 new elements, it’s like a railgun you nerd, linear vs circular accelerators, it’s like hotwheels tracks, we could’ve designed this! “how can we differently smash this stuff?”, I’m hype about a filter, only Victor Ninov could run GOOSY, “the most audacious fraud in scientific history”, lying about discovering an element and then discovering it before people catch on to the lie, 3 elements wasn’t enough, Oganessian co discovered 14 elements - the most of anyone, I mean really we all co-discovered this topic, “we hit this wall of super heavy elements being bastards”, Goosy 2 Electric Goosyloo, you’re smashing billions of particles per second over months to hopefully get 1 atom, calcium beam of milk, the theoretical island of stability, superstable superheavy elements, disappointment on the horizon, domestic arts for political and social change, I sure wish someone had done research into this nuance, oh f**k that was supposed to be me! the arts and crafts movement was activism for crafts not crafts for activism, f*****g up golf courses for women’s suffrage, some suffragettes didn’t want to include working class women, imprisoned women were given sewing needles to reform but they just made incredible protest art, Madres de Plaza de Mayo, a sense of solidarity through craft, lets tonally tokyo drift this episode baby, comparing and contrasting with the p***y hat, craft ins and yarn bombing, craftivism defies expectations and engages community, “appealing” activism, craftivism is a piece of the puzzle not the whole solution, it’s a useful tool in the toolkit, Hoisin Duck Wrap - Irn Bru - Yogurt, Tom gets a tattoo and regrets it, stopping by Tom Scott’s spinoff podcast show, Tom’s gifts, putting it to the test who’s the strongest cohost, the podcast can officially hop! Sources: Kit Chapman's "Super Heavy: Making and Breaking the Periodic Table" Ella's Superheavy Documentary --- Britannica: Arts and Crafts Movement Textile Society of America: The benefits and pitfalls of craftivism Museum of English Rural lift: Suffrage and the Sewing Machine American Golfer 1912: The British Suffragettes Attack Golf Courses Textile Society of America: The Political Stitch: Voicing Resistance in a Suffrage Textile The Thread Blog: Historical Craftivism: From Suffragettes to Gandhi to Argentina The Association of the Madres de Plaza de Mayo Learning for Justice: Madres de Plaza de Mayo V&A: The Pussyhat The Morning Crafter Blog: Craftivism: Empowerment, Resistance, and Activism Through History Book: How To Be A Craftivist by Sarah Corbett 2022 Paper: Negotiating the Art of Protest through Craftivism 2017 Paper: KNIT + RESIST: placing the Pussyhat Project in the context of craft activism 2018 Paper: Knitting Activism, Knitting Gender, Knitting Race J. Feliz: An Open Letter to the Craftivism Movement BBC: Police to get broader powers to restrict repeated protests

We know ghosts aren't real, but what is real is the way our brains make us imagine the creepy things that go bump in the night. What about our psychology makes it so easy to be spooked? And we've all heard of costumes and pumpkin carving, but what are the weirdest old Halloween traditions, and what can we take into our own traditions? Things we Talk About: Mooney Faces Games for Halloween Snap Dragon Video 1 Snap Dragon Video 2 Caramel Pronunciation Map Mischief Night Map Cabbage Card 1 Cabbage Card 2 The Bobbing for Apples Video Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:03:36) Paranormal Psychology (01:03:06) Defunct Halloween Traditions (01:36:21) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about: Skeleton Shattering Science Topic, anomalistic psychology is the science of ghost busting, NOT parapsychology, the first step to a ghost is someone who believe in ghosts, following the format of ghost hunting shows, spooky believers are often predisposed pattern recognizers, the Australian sheep goat scale, suggestion not priming, creepyness via agent detection, a haunted house is evolutionarily designed to be spooky to us, the scary feedback loop, no infrasound does not vibrate your eyeballs,  pattern recognizing apophenia, it’s a wonder humans aren’t scared all the time, it’s actually good we don’t consciously perceive every single thing, wait the static says subscribe to the podcast?? I think she’s saying her hips DO lie, the yeti, hiring a magician on halloween, Ella’s pattern recognizing brain can sense Tom’s bit voice, all the names Halloween goes by, Samhain was basically new years eve, Mary Blain’s Games for Halloween and her caveat, Silent Supper or Reverse Dinner, don’t play snap dragon, imagine risking third degree burns for a RAISIN, the heat map of words for the night before Halloween, mischief night or Halloweeneen, youth honor day, the worst boy police, did you pull a bisexual cabbage? why is everything so romantic?? silent supper seems cute until you’re sprinting over a fence and smashing a window, bobbing for apples is FERAL, our tradition of a spooky episode. Sources: 2021 Paper- Super-natural fears 2022 Paper- Believing is seeing: The link between paranormal beliefs and perceiving signal in noise Psychology Today: Why Some People See Ghosts But Others Never Do 2018 Paper: The Australian sheep-goat scale: An evaluation of factor structure and convergent validity Wiki- Australian Sheep-Goat Scale 2003 Paper- An investigation into alleged ‘hauntings’ 1997 Paper- Context-Induced Paranormal Experiences: Support for Houran and Lange's Model of Haunting Phenomena 2010 Paper- It's still bending: Verbal suggestion and alleged psychokinetic ability Smithsonian Magazine- On the Science of Creepiness 2016 Paper- On the nature of creepiness 2022 Paper- Why Some People See, Hear, Or Feel “Ghosts” 2020 Paper- Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of “Haunted Houses” 2009 Paper- The “Haunt” project: An attempt to build a “haunted” room by manipulating complex electromagnetic fields and infrasound BBC- The science behind seeing ghosts 2022 Paper- Paranormal experiences, sensory-processing sensitivity, and the priming of pareidolia 2014 Paper- Auditory Pareidolia Michael Nees Interview with The Conversation Digicult: Joe Banks: Rorschach Audio --- Smithsonian Mag Halloween Traditions Mary E. Blain's Games for Halloween Midwest Folklore: Silent Supper Journal of the Folklore Institute: Silent Supper Atlas Obscura: Silent Supper NYTimes Dialect Quiz Smithsonian Mag: Mischief Night Smithsonian Mag: Old Halloween Pranks Atlantic: Halloween Pranks and the Worst Boy Police Robert Burns Halloween Poem NJ.com Mischief Night NPR Apples & Halloween

Wait... ELLA is doing a math topic?? Not only that but she finds the beauty in searching for answers among the toughest math problems. Then, friend of the show Ellen Weatherford takes us through a tour of video game controllers. My favorite is the- wait how did we end up talking about World War 2?? Images we Talk About: Tesseract Gif Tennis for Two Controllers Magnavox Odyssey Game.com Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:03:05) Unsolved Math Problems (00:54:47) Video Game Controllers (01:46:42) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about:  Today Caroline is played by Tom and Tom is played by Ellen, I’ll fall on the bad british accent sword for our guests, Ellen speed runs failing math, famous bad lawyer Fermat, I’m learning about math?? from Ella??? Ellen’s Last Theorem: lentil’s cure cancer, “mathematics like any science requires advancements and research and discovery”, basic math starts as early as mesopotamia, a brief history of mathematics, I gotta make math to describe this apple, math begets math, new ways to solve old problems, is this problem hard or will it take thousands of years to solve, the oldest unsolved math problem is 2000 years old, you’re scientifically wrong that all numbers are perfect, we know of 52 perfect numbers, merseene primes and perfect numbers, we don’t know if odd perfect numbers exist, Hilbert’s 23 unsolved math problems, it’s not the answers to the questions - its the tools built to solve them, new list just dropped - the millenium prize problems, the million dollar prize doesn’t account for inflation, the power of an interesting question, multidimensional play-doh, bumblebee - the tesseract! the poincare conjecture had only not been solved in the third dimension, perelman turns down the fields medal, they can offer a million cause if you solve it you’re only thinking about play-doh and 10 dimensions, is the mellenium prize problematic? eh, after researching a lot… the Riemann hypothesis actually probably won’t break cryptography, pure mathematics deserves the benefit of the doubt for its purpose, go forth with Ella’s blessing, new Ella loves math and libertarianism, I don’t know if the convergent evolution argument for controllers holds up in court, Ellen’s radical definition of a game, I don’t think the gate should be closed but don’t push me through it, the murky search for the first video game, Birdy the Brain - the Tic Tac Toe machine, controllers transmit human intention into a computer, some of the first controllers used dials, I was going to say the manhattan project as a joke, a brief and unexpected nuclear disarment detour, Higinbotham doesn’t like being remembered for tennis for two, Space War! the Magnavox Odyssey, some controllers were tabletop not handheld, Atari stole pong, the anatomy of a controller, stolen valor for logitech controllers piloting submarines, kids and parents learning to use controllers, Ella thought RT and RB meant top and bottom, rumble is purely for experience not input, the game.com had the first touch screen, a urinal controlled driving game, interviewing resident elderly expert Donna Jones. Sources: MacTutor: Pierre Fermat Biography Wiki: Fermat's Last Theorem MacTutor: History of Mathematics Simon Fraser University: A Brief History of Mathematics Medium:The Oldest Unsolved Problem in Math Pillars Taylor University: Odd Perfect Numbers Royal Society: David Hilbert Simons Foundation: Hilbert’s Problems Clay Institute: The Millennium Prize Problems Nature News: Maths 'Nobel' Prize Declined By Russian recluse Anatoly Vershik: Thoughts on the Clay Millennium Prizes BBC In Our Time: The Poincare Conjecture Medium: The Poincaré Conjecture [BBC News: Russian Maths Genius Perelman Urged to Take $1m Prize](BBC News - Russian maths genius Perelman urged to take $1m prize) Clay Mathematics Institute: Riemann Hypothesis --- Probably the Oldest Interactive Electronic Game - Jeremy Norman’s History of Information “Bertie the Brain Still Lives” - Popular Mechanics “Tennis for Two – A Pioneer in the Video Game Industry” - GameSpeak Mag “Who was Willy Higinbotham?” - Federation of American Scientists “Spacewar!” - Museum of Play “The Magnavox Odyssey: The Forgotten Pioneer of Gaming Consoles” - Slashgear Bad Game Hall of Fame “Place to pee: new Belgian urinal-based video game” - Ars Technica “Sega Begins Sales of Urine-Powered 'Toylet' Videogame” - Wired Perifit Care, Original Kegel Exerciser

What does chemistry have to do with computers? Well it might just be the best way to understand what's actually going on inside a CPU! And how could there have been a moon hoax back in 1835? Well it involves cosmic pluralism and Edgar Allen Poe so buckle up! Images we Talk About: Vaccuum Tubes in Computers The First Integrated Circuit Another early Integrated Circuit Prototype People Etching a Circuit Mask TED How are Microchips Made Video Etching from the Great Moon Hoax Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:02:23) The Chemistry of Computers (01:04:27) The Great Moon Hoax of 1835 (01:49:15) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about:  BOOOO, a first time interview for this podcast, tom tries to define an integrated circuit, semiconductors, being mid at conducting is vital, silicon silica and silicone, quartz is one of the most abundant minerals and it’s just silica, the metalloids, transistors are so important but so vague, Caroline and Ella were not expecting a trans rights joke, for once of your jokes deserved more appreciation, the quest to make the smallest switch, semiconductors or on the edge of flipping between conductive or not, vacuum bulbs, The Tyranny of Numbers, photo-lithography, etching shrinking then stenciling a circuit, then computers would help make computers, Moore’s predictions of the future of computing, wait did you just explain Moore’s Law? my new graphics card comes with a new unified theory of physics, transistors are now the width of a few strands of DNA, quantum troubles, relying on moor’s law can stifly creativity, but also making transistor’s smaller is interesting science! Ella & Caroline never thought they’d understand computers like this, it’s almost like they’re going to announce they’re discovering aliens, cosmic pluralism, Sir William Herschel discovered Tom’s Anus, we were in a way disproving life on other planets, Gruithuisen sees roads on the moon, “the power of imagination on the man is large”, alien theories sold papers, Edgar Allen Poe’s SciCom satire, quoth the lunarian - nevermore, the daily drops escalated the and on the fifth day we got moon racism, the etchings of lunar life, lets get bibles and colonialism on the moon baby, Richard Adams Locke is the true author, Herschel was on a research trip while this was going down, it sounds like we’re the perfect team for a hoax, aside from being a critique of science communication it also made bank and made the sun the most bought newspaper in the world, Locke’s non denial denial, selling property on the moon, this changed journalistic standards, the occasional hoax actually isn’t okay but fine, Herschel actually thinks it’s hilarious, Locke X Poe collab balloon hoax, this sparked a trend of science fiction. Sources: Cornell History of Semiconductors Euro Physics News 100 Years of Semiconductor Science Royal Society of Chemistry on Silicon PBS History of Transistors PBS Invention of the Integrated Circuit IEEE Historhy of the Integrated Circuit Moore's Original Paper: Cramming more Components onto Integrated Circuits UPenn: Is Moore's Law Really Dead? MIT: The Death of Moore's Law --- Wiki: Lunar Pareidolia  Book- The Moon in the Greek and Roman Imagination Wiki- Anaxagoras  Futurism: Franz von Paula Gruithuisen's Venus Science Fiction Smithsonian Blog- The Great Moon Hoax Library of Congress: Blogs  Paper- The "Great Moon Hoax" of 1835 Linda Hall Library: Richard Adams Locke Britannica: The Great Moon Hoax of 1835 Library of Congress: Blogs : Belief, Legend, and the Great Moon Hoax Library of Congress: The Sun (New York) 1833-1916 Internet Archive: Great Moon Hoax Papers Edgar Allen Poe Society: Richard Adams Locke

Is pointing rude? I'm sure it's a simple question with a simple answer that won't completely break our brains in rethinking all we take for granted about gesture. Also, what is Lauren’s holy grail lost media of gesture studies? Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:05:01) Is Pointing Rude? (00:48:11) Questions for Lauren (01:25:26) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about:  Diverse but incredibly niche interests is the sweet spot, studying the holes in emoji, Tom wasn’t a rude pointer child like Ella, the Disney point, when you point you don’t direct to the end of your finger - you psychically project forward, dogs and horses are great points - cats not so much, we are the only primate that points in the wild, you likely pointed before you spoke, ITS CALLED THE INDEX FINGER BECAUSE IT POINTS LIKE AN INDEX, non index pointing, “that is one lens through which we could consider this”, lip pointing in Encanto, travel guides will simplify to pointing is rude because it’s complex and nuanced where it’s rude, we haven’t even gotten to rainbows, taboos for pointing at specific things, who dude watch where you’re pointing it’s threatening, what if hypothetically a host just went to japan and pointed a lot, Japan is often on the linguistics bingo card, pointing is the pronoun system in ASL, spacial pronoun tracking, you can be a better pointer than someone, gesture and speech have different strengths, Tom’s gestures are more honest than his words to his cohosts, pointing was some of the earliest emoji, “medieval illuminated manuscript marginalia creators would be disappointed with you Ella”, the finger pointing came before the arrow, “we had hands before we had writing”, gesture studies is still new and very interdisciplinary, the way you study gesture is every way, you gesture bigger in loud environments, computers are good at reading hands but not hands in context, the only thing Tom can correct Lauren on is that it was Just Dance not DDR, gesture is ephemeral to study, a huge reason we have gesture study now is video exists, the holy grail lost tapes of gesture, using gesture studies to prove the nazis wrong, are gestures are both for you and the person you’re talking to, I’m not analyzing your gestures if what you’re saying is interesting, metaphorical gesture space, we move ideas around like little apples, you’ll never be able to watch a ted talk again, the archery V myth, exploiting the ambiguity of gesture, we’ve been gesturing with communicating for so long and only reading and writing so recently - so of course we yearn for emoji, “we’re adding the body straight back in the moment we get the chance to”, the rate of literacy is weird, Lauren insisted no emotion on the head shake emoji because it’s not universally negative, sign language has gesture, for the Aymara language the future is behind you - i cant see whats going to happen, iconic resources, cognitive linguistics is obsessed with our meat puppets, we all experience the same gravity and that influences how we think, part of the joy is being the meat puppet.

How strange are octopuses really? We're going to be debunking some claims, then rebunking them with some real, amazing facts about our fellow earthlings. And what the history of the paralympics? What can we learn from its attempts and its failures and its importance in sports? See Tom's Science Game Show in NYC! Things we Talk About: Octopus Virus Diagram Snail Nervous System Diagram Octopus Maze Image Video of Octopus Opening a Jar Video of Octopus Camouflage Paralympics Ad Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:02:56) Octopuses (00:55:08) The Paralympics (01:41:44) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about: Censoring octopussy, 3 science communicators get rabid over a dubious study, octopi are so smart they could only have come about from fertilized eggs aboard an asteroid, cephalopods evolved a central nervous system independently with ganglia, the “head” of an octopus is where there other organs are, octopi don't have 5 brains but they do have a lot of distributed neurons, each sucker is a finger-nose-tongue that can make decisions on its own, octopi have terrible hand eye coordination but can learn to be better at it, Ella thinks “man this would be a great topic for the podcast”, octopi are aliens in the metaphorical sense - and maybe it’s a bad metaphor, I’m not a playing I’m developing flexible behavioral strategies, octopuses play pully downy rather than keepy uppy, the criteria of play, we thought Ella was going to compliment Tom but of course that wasn’t it, octopus cities have populations between 2 and 11, Ella’s gerrymandering octopus city, its more about shared resources and cheaper rent than grand designs, octopus color changing is way more than just pixel cells, but… octopuses are colorblind, their sucker opsins sense color and send directly to chromatophores, octopuses can know a color without seeing it, these are amazing earthling behaviors, Ella was looking for a simple un-nuanced not heavy misc topic, the first Stoke Manderville games, f**k you we’re doing our games on the same day, the organizer of that first game had uhhhhh bad views on disabled people, the Paralypics grew really fast because there was a huge demand for it, Ella loves murderball, goalball and boccia are Paralympic unique sports, the classification system of the Paralympics, the work that goes into the classification system and the flaws and harms it can sometimes have on the athletes, as human as it is to run fast it’s human to cheat, the Spanish ID baseball scandal halted ID sports for 10 years, how the Paralympics and the public views the Paralympians, Ella unfortunately doesn’t solve ableism by the end of the topic, I hear enough of Tom on the show already. Sources: The Infamous Octopuses from Space Paper Live Science: Octopi are Not Aliens SciAm: Are Octopuses Smart? Octopus Neuroecology How Octopuses Control their Body Discover Mag: Octopus Intelligence The Amazing Octopus Maze Study OPB: Octopus Intelligence Convergent Evolution of Brains Experimental Evidence for Spatial Learning in Octopuses SciAm: The Mind of an Octopus Octopus Problem Solving Play in Octopuses Octopus City Study BBC: Octopus City Neural Control of Cephalopod Camouflage Octopus Camouflag Study Octopus Aging and Evolution Paper --- Sage: Deaf History of Sport Olympedia: George Eyser Wiki: George Eyser Olympics: Oliver Halassy  Paralympic.org: History  International Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation: Paralympic Games 1960 - 1992 Paralympic.org: Paralympic Games BBC: Stoke Mandeville Games Paralympic.org: Who We Are Paralympic.org: Paris 2024 Sports Washington Post: Wheelchair Rugby  Top End Sports: Discountinued Paralympic Sports SBS News: Sports that Don't Have an Olympic Equivalent Olmypics: Boccia Paralympic.org: Classification BBC Inside Science: Classification BAA.org: Parathletics Divisions BBC: Tully Kearney  Paralympics GB: Classification BBC: Spain ID Basketball and ID in Paralympics The Conversation: When Paralympic Atheletes Fake the Extent of their Disability Vice: Spain ID Basketball (translanted) The Conversation: Why somne Disabled People are Critical of the Paralympics  Dis(Empowering) Paralymoics Histories by Danielle Peers Guardian: Channel 4 Superhuman Ad Guardian: Channel 4 New Ad Blog: Paralympics, Good or Bad for Disabled People

Blood! We all have it, but how much do we know about it? And more importantly, what was the journey of understanding to get there? And just how deep can the history of these peculiar percussion instruments go? Well we'll be criss-crossing across the planet today to find out! Images we Talk About: The Quijada Son Jarocho Quijada Video The Clapper The Clapper in Performance Timestamps: (00:00:00) Intro (00:01:35) Understanding Blood (00:49:38) Peculiar Percussion (01:24:41) Outro Support us with a Max Fun Membership! Join our Discord! We also learn about: 5 liters of blood over 60,000 miles, humoral theory, phlegm - yellow bile - black bile - blood, I’m from house sanguine - our fire is strongest in our season of spring, humoral theory was around for 1500 YEARS, blood letting, a leeches detour just for Caroline, very few leeches actually suck blood, the exportation of leeches for blood letting made them endangered, we nearly killed the leeches in nearly killing us, leeches are sometimes used today after reconstructive surgery for their enzymes, Nafis’ circulatory system would not be believed for 400 YEARS, these time skips are killing me, Harvey was ALSO NOT BELIEVED, we stan Harvey cause he got witches acquitted, the government and church’s ban on blood transfusions, 1818 was the first recorded successful transfusion, 1658 Jan Swammerdam first saw “oval particles” but this was 7 years before the word “cell” was used, pop quiz on what the parts of blood do, don’t draw your blood while driving, blue and green blood in crustaceans and leeches, antigens and antibodies, “I hope this will be of some use to mankind”, sodium citrate helped blood stay fresh for transfusion, god medicine fucking rules, we reinvented humors with blood personality types, the humors are stored on the antigens obviously, “do you know what my blood type is, for no reason, I’m fine, it’s a podcast thing”, Tom has a slumdog millionaire moment because he was working on another video, there are 48 recognized blood groups each with dozens of antigens, having your own bloodtype means having your own bespoke horoscope, we’re averaging one blood group discovered a year, the journey of understanding blood is the journey of science, it’s hard to tell if rocks were used for a cup song routine, Caroline & Ella fall in love with the quijada, it’s a literal death rattle, “play my bones when I die”, make a jawbone that won’t break, the much sillier vibraslap can still sound good, vibraslap on All Along the Watchtower, the whip/clapper/slap stick, comedia dell’arte, the slap stick was a literal stick to make a slap sound, the christmas rise in slapsticks, the armenia alchemist Avedis Zildjian, since we were working with metal we went listen to this taaah tah tah taaah, a perfeclty clear cymbal is just a bell, a cymbal is crafted chaos to sound good, mmm this wine is very trash but not pingy, now we know Ella’s partner wasn’t just making shit up about cymbal sounds, confirming our sources for this wild Zildjian story, what do you think about this instrument?? I can’t stop making chocolate cymbals! Ringo made people want to drum, finding out Sabian is from the Zildjian family is like finding out Wendy’s last name is McDonald, a percussionist can literally touch history from all across the world, it’s about the reviews we don’t read. Sources: Science Museum: Blood J Thromb Haemost: Discovery of the Cardiovascular System Contagion - CURIOSity Digital Collections: Humoral Theory MedicineNet: Is Bloodletting Still Used Today? Fresh Water Habitats Press Release: Medicinal Leech Breeding The New Yorker: The History of Blood NCBI Book: The ABO Blood groups Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science: The Discovery of Blood Cells Red Cross Blood Services: History Of Blood Transfusions 1628 To Now NCBI Bookshelf: Blood and the Cells it Contains The Conversation: Essays on blood: why do we actually have it? Blood at 70: its roots in the history of hematology and its birth PMC: A Brief History of Human Blood Groups Japan Experience: Blood Types in Japan The Conversation: More Blood Types than you Think CBS News: New Blood Type The Conversation: Gwada-negative --- Kabeleh Bah Playing the Quijada Salsa Blanca on the Quijada John Jeremiah Sullivan on the Quijada Son Jarocho Quijada Video History of the Vibraslap Boston Symphony Orchestra on Shostakovich’s Cello Concerto No 2 Britannica on Slapstick's Etymology The AMNH's Slap Stick The Cymbal Test Video NPR on Zildjian's History NYT on Zildjian's History